Constructive and Destructive Leadership Behaviors, Skills, Styles and Traits in BIM-Based Construction Projects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Building Information Modeling
2.2. Leadership in Construction
2.2.1. Leadership Impact on Safety in Construction
2.2.2. Leadership and Construction Industry Development
2.3. Research Gap
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Collection
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- What leadership behaviors, skills, traits, and styles can be constructive and contribute to a better performance of BIM-based construction projects?
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- What leadership behaviors, skills, traits, and styles can be destructive and contribute to reduced performance of BIM-based construction projects?
3.2. Data Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Respondent Profile
4.2. Constructive Leadership Characteristics
4.2.1. Constructive Leadership Behavior
Liberality
A leader should be open to the opinions of other project members so they can share each other’s insight toward the issues that occurred and feel free to give their opinion regarding every task. This behavior makes project members feel more comfortable with their work.(Respondent 1)
A leader that is open to new ideas is usually the one that is helpful with their project members because they know what it feels like to be a beginner. As a result, the leader and project members will often interact with each other to gain more ideas and help to resolve any issues if they occur.(Respondent 13)
A good leader behavior, in my opinion, is a leader who is always open to ideas from their project member. This behavior creates a comfortable feeling among project members and a great work environment. BIM requires team works between all departments, including structural, mechanical, electrical, and water supplies.(Respondent 16)
Tolerant
The required behavior of a leader, or project engineer, as a leader in a project team, needs to have a high level of patience and the ability to tolerate all the stress toward them.(Respondent 14)
The leader needs to be able to be patient with others because, in a consultant firm, practitioners are always assigned to do design work. Therefore, the leader must lead the newbies in the company and teach them about the software and all the important information related to all the work.(Respondent 8)
A leader that is easy going with staff with the task but committed to achieving the target and objectives of the project, this behavior can lead to a positive work environment.(Respondent 3)
A participative leader who always communicates and asks for team members’ input helps team members feel more confident about having a say on any topic or giving an idea regarding the construction project.(Respondent 10)
Concern
One concerning behavior is a leader who focuses and always listens to their staff. It shows how a leader is sensitive to the need of their followers and focuses on their idea instead of giving out instructions and waiting for results only.(Respondent 8)
Being a good listener is one of the effective behaviors. Always trying to spend time to hear their problems or expression creates a positive bond between project leaders and members.(Respondent 8)
A friendly and concern leader is important because it helps me to communicate more with them, especially when I need help for support and coordinate the drawing or any technical issues.(Respondent 15)
The relationship between a leader and the staff needs to be respectful to each other. The important element in these constructions is the communication between the leader and staff. The leader must always be concerned and communicate with them to ensure a positive environment is created among them at the workplace.(Respondent 11)
Understanding
As BIM modelers, we must work with the architects and engineers to develop designs for clients’ needs. Mutual understanding between each party is crucial to ensure the project outcome is as perfect as possible.(Respondent 15)
A leader needs to be understanding of the situation. Instead of commenting or critics the work, they can give good words to help project members to feel more comfortable with their work.(Respondent 8)
A leader needs to be strict in conducting work and ensure progress running accordingly to schedule but also flexible with the situation if any issues occur and have teamwork to solve any issues regarding the project.(Respondent 9)
Committed
- A leader must clearly explain the decision made to the followers and what it means to them.
- Leaders must motivate and help their followers understand and ensure they buy into the decision and are willing to support it regardless of whether they agree or disagree with it.
A focused leader, someone who always gives their full attention and focuses on the details of the project, can contribute to a better judgment.(Respondent 7)
A committed leader is crucial to ensure every work and all information follows the requirements and specifications made by a client because a committed leader strives to achieve the target and commit to each task that is given to them.(Respondent 19)
A leader should be able to interact with all departments and ensure that all departments have good teamwork to achieve the project goals and fulfill each client’s needs.(Respondent 13)
Determination
Every leader should be determined and willing to learn new knowledge with a desire for hard work and success.(Respondent 13)
A leader should easily adapt to situations and handle immediate changes during progress regardless of the difficulties.(Respondent 5)
Determining and being eager to learn new things from a leader is beneficial to both company and its employees because the BIM system/software covers numerous major focuses, including mechanical, electrical, civil, and architecture. It all has different software for each focus.(Respondent 10)
Coping Mechanism
BIM contractor shall highlight or issue a non-conformance report (NCR) to the lead consultant if any problems arise that involve different trades.(Respondent 6)
A leader should be able to work under high-pressure situations, especially regarding BIM, because a lot of communication and issues may occur during the project progress.(Respondent 6)
A good leader should take responsibility for any mistakes done by their staff. This behavior boosts the motivation of the project members.(Respondent 3)
4.2.2. Constructive Leadership Skills
Project Management
Project management skills are important. The project management skill includes the technical understanding of the Gantt Chart to the S-curve, including the shop drawing. As project engineers, we provide solutions to obtain the best cost-saving construction and record all the progress, including the inventory and the machinery. All these things require excellent and proper management skills.(Respondent 14)
The management skills of a leader in handling their team, project, and project timeline, these three items are the major important thing in ensuring a project runs smoothly.(Respondent 2)
The important skill is management regarding the scope of work, either in software work or on-site work. For example, the project is not always constant in Malaysia’s Public Work Department (PWD). Sometimes the project is overloaded, and there are not enough project members to handle the project. The number of projects and the number of project members are not on the same path, which could lead to a project delay. The government sector has very limited employment, and sometimes there is an insufficient number of project members to handle the project on-site. Therefore, a leader’s management skills are important.(Respondent 11)
A leader should have good project planning from the start until the end. BIM Execution Plan (BEP) has information about the project, including the timeline, the specification, the requirements from the client, and how long it takes to complete. All information is there. Hence that is why a leader should have good management skills.(Respondent 2)
Planning is a vital part of the initial phase, which is the key to whether the project is a success or a flop. During the planning phase, the task and objectives must be identified to ensure they fulfill the client’s needs.(Respondent 16)
An important skill is time management. BIM-based construction projects require proper time management, involving more than one party, such as architects, lead consultants, contractors, and developers. BIM contractor shall provide a construction drawing for the main contractor without any delay, as any delays in approval of the construction drawing affect the smooth progress of the construction project.(Respondent 6)
The important skills for a leader in BIM-based construction projects are time management and project management skills. These skills play a role in each other and are crucial to ensure a project runs smoothly.(Respondent 14)
An important skill for a BIM modeler is to have good time management because the task of an engineer or modeler is to do modeling and coordinate the work, every leader needs to manage their time wisely to ensure the construction works run smoothly from the preliminary to the handover phase, and the most importantly, to ensure the schedule does not overlap or exceed the timeline.(Respondent 10)
Communication
A leader needs to have good communication skills and interact with all the team members to motivate them and help them resolve all the issues. This is important because BIM projects need a collaborative process, and many departments are required to ensure that the project runs well.(Respondent 13)
Leaders should have good communication skills with their staff to deliver the information to all parties without any problems. Good communication skills also help improve the project’s efficiency because the staff can understand each task more easily. The most important is to avoid miscommunication.(Respondent 4)
The most important skill, in my opinion, is communication skills because every phase of construction in BIM is related and linked to each other. Mechanical, electrical, structure, and plumbing systems can all be related to each other. To avoid any clashes during the outcome, the leader must communicate and encourage the staff to communicate. It also helps to coordinate every task assigned to each project member.(Respondent 5)
Communication skills are important to ensure the progress and the construction phase, starting from the preliminary design stage to the phase design liability phase (DLP) and finally, the Certificate of Making Good Defect (CMGD).(Respondent 9)
A leader also needs good communication skills to interact and do all the learning and teaching because software learning requires 2-way communication to be more effective.(Respondent 10)
The important element in this construction is communication between the leader and staff. The leader must always communicate with the staff, creating positive and comfortable working environments. This way, the information or any issue with the project can be solved together, and at the same time, can smoothen project progress.(Respondent 11)
I would say another important skill is communication skills for a leader. As BIM modelers, we must work with the architects and engineers to develop designs for clients’ needs. Mutual understanding between each party is crucial to ensure the project outcome is as perfect as possible.(Respondent 15)
Problem Solving
Design clash or the most common issue, drawing did not suit with site condition. When this issue occurs, justification and decisions from a project manager or resident engineer are important. Moreover, the leader’s decision must be firm and fair.(Respondent 9)
A good leader needs to be a good decision-maker because, in any construction, either BIM-based or conventional, every project has a problem or obstacle during the progress. Hence, a leader must be competent in solving the issues to ensure the project is not damaged.(Respondent 11)
Problem-Solving skills are important as a construction project involves much trade from civil and structural, architecture, mechanical, and engineering.(Respondent 6)
In a BIM project, the outcome needs to be as good as possible it can get. The challenges are the problem that may occur during the design, especially the clash of structure, the budget costing, and the tight scheduling. These issues require a leader to have the problem-solving skills to make sure the outcome of the project is excellent.(Respondent 20)
Software
A leader should also have strong technical knowledge and professionalism in handling BIM software.(Respondent 1)
Software is the essential key in BIM as it is digital construction. It has the skills to operate different software such as AutoCAD, Navisworks, and Tekla.(Respondent 2)
The most important skills in a BIM project are the knowledge and understanding of the software and details of the project because a leader needs to lead the project members to be able to lead. We first need to understand the information from every software because the objectives of BIM are to ensure the project can be conducted smoothly to ensure there is no issue during the progress.(Respondent 3)
A leader with good data skills and the ability to understand/define data information. Every engineer needs to be capable of handling data in a real-life situation because data is very important in construction, either conventional or BIM-based construction projects.(Respondent 7)
A leader must have lots of technical skills and software knowledge, especially in software, because there are five important BIM tools that every BIM modeler or any BIM specialist needs to understand. Experience in Autodesk Revit MEP, Navisworks, and AutoCAD gives a leader many advantages. It can help smoothen the progress of construction works.(Respondent 10)
For me, the most important skill for a leader in BIM or any general construction is the skills and knowledge in using the software.(Respondent 13)
I would say the crucial skills are software skills and the ability to work with technology. My job scope is almost one hundred percent toward the software as I need to handle the visual plan and determine the proper elements/scale for the buildings.(Respondent 15)
This software is a mandatory skill to be a BIM modeler, manager, or any work related to BIM because we need to have the skills to save the data regarding the building and all other things.(Respondent 18)
Technical
A leader should also have strong technical knowledge and professionalism in handling BIM software.(Respondent 1)
The other important skill is that a leader in BIM-based construction projects should have the knowledge and understanding of the technical aspect of the construction, not only based on software, this way. The actual site issues can be avoided.(Respondent 8)
The important skills are the technical skills and knowledge regarding the construction during the preliminary phase until the on-site construction. A leader should know about designing all structural elements for IBS, Concrete, and Steel because all modern buildings use different structural elements.(Respondent 13)
4.2.3. Constructive Leadership Styles and Traits
Openness
A patient leader, because a leader needs to interact with staff, and huge numbers of staff come with different attitudes and ethics. This trait improves staff relationship skills and creates a positive work environment, especially in BIM, where everyone needs to cooperate.(Respondent 4)
The leader needs to be patient with their followers because, in a consultant firm, the project members are always assigned to do design work. Hence, a leader must lead the newbies in the company.(Respondent 8)
A good listener is a great personality that represents an open leader who always has time to hear their project members’ problems or their expressions and creates a mutual understanding between project members and leader.(Respondent 19)
Responsible
For me, a leader should be responsible if they want the company to be successful. Basically, for a BIM project, we need to handle lots of software, and lots of information is saved on the computer. The possibility for errors to occur is high. A good leader should take responsibility for any mistakes done by their staff. This boosts the motivation of the project members.(Respondent 3)
A leader needs always to pay attention to their staff’s needs. BIM requires software and, of course, computers. The system must always be up to date for the software to perform efficiently. These essentials are important for a leader to provide for the staff.(Respondent 5)
A leader must lead the newbies in the company and lead them and teach them about the software and all the important information related to all the work.(Respondent 8)
Conscientiousness
Attention to detail and information about the construction needs to be as perfect as possible to avoid problems during actual construction.(Respondent 5)
Always giving their full attention and focusing on the project details can contribute to better judgment. It is essential for a leader always to pay attention to the progress of a project and ensure that the specification and requirements follow the client’s needs.(Respondent 7)
The important trait in a leader is keen attention to detail in every work done. This is because the main purpose of BIM itself is to enhance project performance and produce better outcomes. To put it in simple words, it means that the construction on-site can be conducted smoothly.(Respondent 15)
A resilient leader, sometimes clients change their decision randomly may cause problems for the engineers. This situation always occurs. Hence, I said a leader who can adapt easily benefits a party.(Respondent 18)
Passionate
A passionate and eager to learn new traits from a leader are beneficial to both company and its employees because BIM covers numerous systems and software.(Respondent 10)
A passionate leader can lead to better time management and good mental health toward colleagues and surroundings.(Respondent 12)
A good trait in a leader is curiosity and eagerness to learn new things. Every leader should be determined and willing to learn new knowledge with a desire for hard work and success.(Respondent 13)
4.3. Destructive Leadership Characteristics
4.3.1. Destructive Leadership Behavior
Dictatorial
A leader that always gives assignments/task overlap and with a short timeline can demotivate project members.(Respondent 1)
A leader’s irrational and incomprehensible attitude is a person that is not coordinated; this negatively affects every progress, whether the project is major or minor. No coordination of works within the sub-trade in the project site can cause bad quality in a project.(Respondent 6)
The worst behavior from a leader that can affect others is the boss that is highly demanding and gives tasks without taking any concern toward their staff.(Respondent 13)
Bad behavior from a leader is not open to other people’s opinions and always sticking to their idea.(Respondent 1)
Someone who cannot accept other people’s opinions leads to the worst project performance because, as I said before, BIM-based construction projects require interaction. Everyone must communicate and be open to ideas. If that one person, especially if he or she is a leader, and they only stick with their opinion, it might affect the project negatively.(Respondent 2)
A bad leader often has an intolerant attitude. When a leader is intolerant of other project members, this leads to an unhealthy, negative environment in the office or even on-site.(Respondent 3)
Lack of trust leads to problems and increases the failure risk for the project. This behavior causes the employees to feel obligated to one’s opinion and cannot roll with changes where they are stuck with the leader’s decision without the leader not listening to their opinions.(Respondent 9)
Some leaders let go of things off their hands whenever issues occur, and sometimes project members get blamed for the mistakes. Sometimes mistakes are unavoidable, but the leader should step up instead of leaving the blames on their staff.(Respondent 2)
A leader’s bad trait is always pointing fingers at project members regarding any project issue. This trait demotivates the staff.(Respondent 4)
Careless behavior is an absolute negative attitude in any construction and can cause loss to the company’s finances.(Respondent 7)
Behavior that could lead to the worst construction is a leader who is not committed and does not obey the rules and regulations.(Respondent 17)
Adverse Self-Behavior
Leaders that are inconsistent with their work, inconsistency from a leader, cause their followers to struggle with their work. The schedule for every phase of the project that should be done will be messed up when a party, in this case, the leader.(Respondent 3)
A leader who does not have proper time management skills is bad behavior. Time is a crucial element in BIM-based construction projects. The schedules can be tight, and the task requires much work. If a leader does not have good time management skills, they often pass the minor task to their staff, which can cause their project members to overload work. This hurts the workplace environment and causes the work to be inefficient.(Respondent 18)
Individuals who do not collaborate with their colleagues do not survive the construction industry because it requires teamwork and engagement to produce an efficient work environment and first-rate results.(Respondent 12)
In the design phase, maximizing and collaborating with all the project members is the only way to bring the best outcome for the project. This is because all departments (M&E, C&S, Architectural) need to interact with each other to avoid any issues in the future. If the leader does not collaborate with the project members, it may cause problems on-site or even in the design phase.(Respondent 14)
Leaders who do not collaborate with project members often provide tasks or assignments without clear instructions and cause the project members to have problems executing every task because the leader does not engage with them daily.(Respondent 18)
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary of Results
5.2. Study Implications
5.3. Limitations and Recommendations
5.4. Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Main Interview Questions |
---|---|
Question 1 | What leadership behaviors, skills, traits, and styles can be constructive and contribute to a better performance of BIM-based construction projects? |
Question 2 | What leadership behaviors, skills, traits, and styles can be destructive and contribute to reduced performance of BIM-based construction projects? |
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No. | Designation | Stakeholder |
---|---|---|
1 | Civil Engineer | Consultant |
2 | 3D Modeler | Consultant |
3 | Project Manager | Contractor |
4 | Senior Engineer | Contractor |
5 | Senior Engineer | Consultant |
6 | Civil/Site Engineer | Contractor |
7 | Junior Engineer | Consultant |
8 | Project Manager | Consultant |
9 | Technical Engineer | Client |
10 | BIM Modeler | Contractor |
11 | Project Engineer | Client |
12 | Asst. Service Engineer | Consultant |
13 | C and S Engineer | Consultant |
14 | Project Engineer | Contractor |
15 | BIM Modeler | Consultant |
16 | BIM Modeler | Consultant |
17 | Site Engineer | Contractor |
18 | BIM Manager | Consultant |
19 | C and S Engineer | Consultant |
20 | Field Engineer | Client |
Respondents | Pro-Social | Self-Discipline | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberality | Tolerant | Concern | Understanding | Committed | Determined | Coping Mechanism | ||
Respondent 1 | ✓ | − | − | − | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 2 | ✓ | − | − | − | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 3 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 4 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 5 | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 6 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | 4 |
Respondent 7 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 8 | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 9 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 10 | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 11 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 12 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 2 |
Respondent 13 | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 4 |
Respondent 14 | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 15 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | ✓ | − | 3 |
Respondent 16 | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | 5 |
Respondent 17 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 2 |
Respondent 18 | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | 3 |
Respondent 19 | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 3 |
Respondent 20 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 2 |
Total | 8 | 12 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 54 |
Respondents | Soft Skills | Hard Skills | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Project Management | Communication | Problem-Solving | Software | Technical | ||
Respondent 1 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 2 | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | 4 |
Respondent 3 | − | − | − | ✓ | − | 1 |
Respondent 4 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 5 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 6 | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 7 | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | 3 |
Respondent 8 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 10 | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | 4 |
Respondent 11 | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 12 | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 13 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 14 | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 15 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | 2 |
Respondent 16 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 17 | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | 2 |
Respondent 18 | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 19 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | 2 |
Respondent 20 | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | 3 |
Total | 9 | 14 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 49 |
Respondents | Openness | Responsible | Conscientiousness | Passionate | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patience | Calm | Reliable | Fair | Resilience | Awareness | Detail- Oriented | Focused | ||
Respondent 1 | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 4 |
Respondent 2 | − | − | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 4 |
Respondent 4 | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 5 | − | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 6 | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 |
Respondent 7 | − | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | 3 | |
Respondent 8 | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 9 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | 3 |
Respondent 10 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 1 |
Respondent 11 | ✓ | − | − | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 12 | − | − | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 3 |
Respondent 13 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 2 |
Respondent 14 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 2 |
Respondent 15 | − | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | − | 1 |
Respondent 16 | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 17 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 18 | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 19 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 4 |
Respondent 20 | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 4 |
Total | 6 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 55 |
Respondents | Dictatorial | Adverse Self-Behavior | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrational | Intolerant | Irresponsible | Inconsistent | Uncooperative | ||
Respondent 1 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 2 | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 3 | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | 2 | |
Respondent 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | 3 |
Respondent 5 | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | − | 2 |
Respondent 6 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 7 | − | − | ✓ | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 8 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 9 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 10 | − | − | − | − | − | 0 |
Respondent 11 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 12 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 1 |
Respondent 13 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 14 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 1 |
Respondent 15 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 16 | − | − | − | ✓ | − | 1 |
Respondent 17 | − | − | ✓ | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 18 | − | − | − | − | ✓ | 1 |
Respondent 19 | ✓ | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Respondent 20 | − | ✓ | − | − | − | 1 |
Total | 6 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 25 |
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Omer, M.M.; Mohd-Ezazee, N.M.A.; Lee, Y.S.; Rajabi, M.S.; Rahman, R.A. Constructive and Destructive Leadership Behaviors, Skills, Styles and Traits in BIM-Based Construction Projects. Buildings 2022, 12, 2068. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122068
Omer MM, Mohd-Ezazee NMA, Lee YS, Rajabi MS, Rahman RA. Constructive and Destructive Leadership Behaviors, Skills, Styles and Traits in BIM-Based Construction Projects. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2068. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122068
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmer, Mazen M., N. M. Adeeq Mohd-Ezazee, Yong Siang Lee, Mohammad Sadra Rajabi, and Rahimi A. Rahman. 2022. "Constructive and Destructive Leadership Behaviors, Skills, Styles and Traits in BIM-Based Construction Projects" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2068. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122068