Sound Perception of Blind Older Adults in Nursing Homes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Survey
2.2. Field Interviews
3. Results
3.1. Behavioral activities and Sound Sources
3.1.1. The Behavioral activities of the Blind Older Adults
3.1.2. Sound Sources in the Nursing Home
- Talking sound: It is generated in transport, activity and living spaces to meet the living, recreational, and social needs of the blind older adults.
- Walking sound: It is caused by walking with whistles, bells, claps, and other actions to avoid a collision; or moving with crutches and in wheelchairs.
- Activity sound: It is caused by the acts of singing, working out, playing musical instruments, and washing clothes, etc., in addition to the sounds of entertainment in the activity room.
- Prompt sound: It is equipped at the multi-function hall and corridors of the nursing home to deliver notices of meals and gatherings, in addition to the voice in the lifts that indicate the floor.
- Equipment sound: It is the mechanical sound generated by machinery that supports the operation of the nursing home and small appliances for the residents, such as the screen-reading sounds from electronic devices for the blind older adults, and the voice sounds from smart speakers.
- Talking sound: It refers to the sound of talking when the blind older adults gather together, before breakfast or after dinner.
- Activity sound: it is the sound generated by the walking or working out of the blind older adults outside before and/or after their three meals, when the weather is good.
- Broadcast sound: It is a music broadcast set up next to the waterscape in the northwest of the nursing home; to help the blind older adults orient themselves and count laps.
- Traffic sound: It is generated by moving vehicles and alternating signals, from the western and northern sides of the nursing home which are adjacent to traffic roads.
- Natural sound: It refers to fountain sound on the waterscape platform in the northwest of the nursing home, and the rustling or birdsong from the greenery and trees around the nursing home.
3.2. Sound Perception of the Blind Older Adults
3.2.1. Sound Perception Model Development
- Open coding
- 2.
- Selective coding
- 3.
- Theoretical coding
3.2.2. Sound Perception of the Blind Older Adults in Nursing Homes
- Sound requirements
- 2.
- Acoustic environment
- 3.
- Sound cognition
4. Discussion
4.1. The Relationship between Behavior, Sound, and Space
4.2. Comparison with the Soundscape Framework from ISO 12913-1
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
aa22. Add sound in places difficult to walk | aa23. Needing a quiet environment | aa24. Noise in public areas |
aa25. Dependence on sound | aa26. Needing a separate space | aa27. Partitioning by demand |
aa28. Establishing management rules | aa29. Broadcast sound is too loud | aa30. Do not like the sound too loud |
aa31. Chatting in the computer channel for entertainment | aa32. like to listen to sounds | aa33. The external acoustic environment is important |
aa34. Sound for direction finding | aa35. Listen to the sound to find the way more convenient | aa36. Like musical instruments |
aa37. Likes to play computers | aa38. Human sound has little effect | aa39. Prompt sound does not work after familiarity |
aa40. Floor prompt sound is necessary | aa41. The sound of opening and closing the door is loud | aa42. Purchasing silencing devices |
aa43. Put the radio to confirm the position | aa44. Listen to book machine entertainment | aa45. Affected by mechanical sound |
aa46. Influenced by the sound of others’ activities | aa47. Broadcast sound is too loud and affects the judgement of orientation | aa48. Exercising self-regulation |
aa49. The eastern part of the home is too noisy | aa50. There should be a prompt sound when people pass by | aa51. There is a talking sound in the morning when the window is opened |
aa52. Hope to block the mechanical sound | aa53. Smart speakers’ function has defects | aa54. The equipment with the speakers on when opening the door will affect others |
aa55. Sound is the main means of entertainment | aa56. Computer screen reading noise | aa57. Daily chat entertainment |
aa58. The music broadcast sound is loud | aa59. Hearing traffic sound makes us feel safe | aa60. Traffic sound affects sleep |
aa61. Chat together in a good atmosphere | aa62. Wake up at night with sound | aa63. Clap and whistle when I walk |
aa64. Chatting with smart speakers | aa65. Sound should be added at the corners | aa66. Some places have prompt sounds but I do not know how to turn |
aa67. Poor sound insulation of the door | aa68. The sound of the door opening in the stairwell is particularly noisy | aa69. Affected by walking sound |
aa70. Need to add the sound of emergency assembly | aa71. Want more natural sounds | aa72. The equipment with the speakers on will affect others |
aa73. Hearing outside sounds to identify myself in the social environment | aa74. Traffic sound makes us feel that we are living in a busy urban area |
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Measures | Items | The Blind Older Adults | Staff | All Respondents |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 14 | 3 | 17 |
Female | 17 | 3 | 20 | |
Age | 50– | 3 | 3 | 6 |
50–59 | 12 | 3 | 15 | |
60–69 | 7 | 0 | 7 | |
70+ | 9 | 0 | 9 |
Labeling (aa) | Conceptualizing Data (a) | Categorizing Data (A) |
---|---|---|
Equipment noise | Noisy feeling (aa1, aa19, aa20, aa41, aa56, aa68) | Sound perception (a1, a2) |
Outdoor sounds can be heard when windows are opened | Sounds heard (aa2, aa51) | Noise controls (a3, a4, a17) |
No outdoor sound can be heard with windows closed | Noise prevention (aa3, aa7, aa8, aa42) | Room assignment (a5, a16) |
Affected by talking sound | Noise annoyance (aa4, aa5, aa6, aa38, aa45, aa46, aa52, aa54, aa60, aa62, aa69) | Soundscape memories (a6, a9, a14) |
Affected by equipment sound | Acoustic layout (aa9, aa24, aa49) | Lifestyle needs (a7, a13, a15) |
Annoyed by the sound of traffic signals | Emotional trigger (aa10, aa59) | Sound functions (a8, a11, a19, a21) |
Closing doors can block sound | Sound insulation needs (aa11, aa67) | Loudness design (a10, a18) |
Playing sounds to mask other sounds | Recreational means (aa12, aa13, aa16, aa31, aa36, aa37, aa44, aa53, aa55, aa57, aa64) | Sound source settings (a12, a20) |
North room noisy | Sound preference (aa14, aa15, aa32, aa30) | Sound context (a22) |
Traffic sound could cause fear | Moderate loudness (aa17) | |
Good sound insulation may delay calling for help | Wayfinding role (aa18, aa21, aa34, aa35, aa43, aa65) | |
Listening to news for entertainment | Sound source needs (aa22, aa52, aa66, aa71) | |
Singing for pleasure | Quiet demand (aa23) | |
Enjoying birdsong | Psychological dependence (aa25) | |
Enjoying the sound of flowing water | Space requirements (aa26) | |
Listening to novels for entertainment | Zoning methods (aa27) | |
Broadcast sound should be designed to be just audible | Rule constraints (aa28, aa48, aa72) | |
Prompt sound for residents who do not know Braille when finding their way | Excessive loudness (aa29, aa41, aa58) | |
Others talking loudly | Information transfer (aa39, aa40) | |
Others playing loudly | Sound source impact (aa33, aa47) | |
Orientation by sound | Avoiding danger (aa50, aa63, aa70) | |
…. * | Lively atmosphere (aa61) |
Labeling (aa) | Conceptualizing Data (a) | Categorizing Data (A) |
---|---|---|
Sharp sound will stimulate the heart of old adults | a12. Sound source needs (aa22, aa33, aa52, aa66, aa71, aa75, aa79, aa86) * | A1. Sound perception (a1, a2, a23) |
Old residents are light sleepers and need quiet at night | a13. Quiet demand (aa23, aa76) | A8. Sound source settings (a12, a20, a24) |
Broadcast sound for positioning and counting laps | a11. Wayfinding role (aa18, aa21, aa34, aa35, aa43, aa65, aa77, aa82) | A9. Sound context (a22, a25) |
Staff greet each other with as little noise as possible | a17. Rule constraints (aa28, aa48, aa72, aa78) | |
Prompt sound should be added to public shower | a23. Becoming habits (aa80) | |
Getting used to loud noises | a20. Sound source impact (aa47, aa81) | |
People who do not need a prompt sound will feel noisy | a24. Seasonal influences (aa83) | |
Positioning wind chimes in canteens for orientation | a2. Sounds heard (aa2, aa51, aa84) | |
No fountain broadcast in winter | a9. Sound preference (aa14, aa15, aa32, aa30, aa85) | |
No nature sound can be heard | a6. Emotional trigger (aa10, aa59, aa87) | |
Enjoying natural sound | a4. Noise annoyance (aa4, aa5, aa6, aa38, aa45, aa46, aa52, aa54, aa60, aa62, aa69, aa88) | |
Equipment noise cannot be avoided | a22. Lively atmosphere (aa61, aa89) | |
Annoyed by equipment noise | a25. Social environment (aa90) | |
Affected by talking sound while resting | ||
Lively with sound | ||
The sound of cars means that people are nearby |
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Wu, Y.; Huo, S.; Mu, J.; Kang, J. Sound Perception of Blind Older Adults in Nursing Homes. Buildings 2022, 12, 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111838
Wu Y, Huo S, Mu J, Kang J. Sound Perception of Blind Older Adults in Nursing Homes. Buildings. 2022; 12(11):1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111838
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yue, Sijia Huo, Jingyi Mu, and Jian Kang. 2022. "Sound Perception of Blind Older Adults in Nursing Homes" Buildings 12, no. 11: 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111838