Triangulation Method to Assess Indoor Environmental Conditions and Occupant Comfort and Productivity towards Low Energy Buildings in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The general benchmarking results for the whole building indicate that most temperature variables are lower than the benchmark. However, most of the air variables have no difference from the benchmark. Moreover, the overall comfort variable was similar to the benchmark. Interestingly, the productivity variable was better than the benchmark.
- The results of physical measurements indicated that 87.50% of the studied areas/zones do not comply with comfort perception. Thus, the majority of office areas should be adjusted to provide comfortable and productive environments.
- The simulation analysis showed that a reduction of 3 h in the operating hours with an increase in chillers’ temperature by just 1.5 °C managed to provide optimum results. The application was demonstrated by adjusting the working hours of the chillers to 0900–1600 with a temperature of 25.5 °C, maintaining indoor conditions and reducing the building’s BEI to 89.48 kWh/m2/year with an energy saving of 21.51%.
- This simple adjustment of chillers operation not only reduces the building’s BEI, but also can enhance staff comfort and productivity. The result of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed the expected level of change based on Beta values (i.e., considering all other variables can lead to a 42% change to staff comfort and 8% change to productivity).
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Question | Research Objective | Method Approached | Purpose of Method | Type of Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q.1. What essential indoor comfort factors influence occupants’ satisfaction and productivity? | 1st Objective: To identify the critical indoor comfort factors influencing occupants’ satisfaction and productivity. | Developed triangulation methodology to measure a case study performance | Structured questionnaire survey method (BUS survey) | To indicate the occupants’ perception of the indoor comfort conditions and satisfaction | BUS benchmarking, SPSS hierarchical multiple regression |
Q.2. How do indoor environmental conditions affect the operations of an office building in Malaysia? | 2nd Objective: To evaluate the effects of indoor environmental conditions at an office building in Malaysia. | Physical measurements method (HOBOs data loggers) | To acquire the indoor conditions during the same period of the occupants’ perception | HOBOware interpretation, descriptive analysis | |
Q.3. How to reduce the Building Energy Index (BEI) of an office building in Malaysia without interfering with the comfort and productivity of the staff? | 3rd Objective: To develop a method for reducing the Building Energy Index (BEI) for office buildings in Malaysia with comfortable and productive staff. | Simulation modelling method (IES-VE software) | To obtain the lowest BEI results without interfering with the staff comfort and productivity | Simulate several case scenarios with indoor environment enhancements |
Demographic | Characteristics | Missing | Frequency | Valid Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Under 30 years | 8 | 48 | 24.0% |
30 or over | 152 | 76.0% | ||
Gender | Male | 11 | 57 | 28.9% |
Female | 140 | 71.1% | ||
Number of occupants in the working area | Alone | 8 | 24 | 12.0% |
Shared with 1 other | 8 | 4.0% | ||
With 2–4 others | 22 | 11.0% | ||
With 5–8 others | 28 | 14.0% | ||
With more than 8 | 118 | 59.0% | ||
Setting next to a window | Yes | 1 | 90 | 43.5% |
No | 117 | 56.5% | ||
Worked in this building | Less than a year | 1 | 28 | 13.5% |
A year or more | 179 | 86.5% | ||
Worked in present work area | Less than a year | 1 | 41 | 19.8% |
A year or more | 166 | 80.2% | ||
Floor | Ground floor (OS) | - | 23 | 11.1% |
Second floor (OS) | 33 | 15.9% | ||
Third floor (CS) | 23 | 11.1% | ||
Fourth floor | 4 | 1.9% | ||
Fifth floor | 1 | 0.5% | ||
Sixth floor (OS) | 41 | 19.7% | ||
Seventh floor (CS) | 35 | 16.8% | ||
Eighth floor (CS) | 23 | 11.1% | ||
Ninth floor (CS) | 25 | 12.0% |
Variable | Mean | Std. Error of Mean | Std. Deviation | Variance | Benchmarking Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature Variables | |||||
Temperature: comfort overall | 4.74 | 0.076 | 1.073 | 1.152 | Green (above the benchmark—comfortable) |
Range: hot/cold | 4.84 | 0.079 | 1.111 | 1.235 | Red (above the benchmark—too cold) |
Stability: stable/varies | 4.51 | 0.078 | 1.107 | 1.226 | Red (above the benchmark—varies) |
Air (Humidity & Velocity) Variables | |||||
Air movement: still/draughty | 4.05 | 0.079 | 1.109 | 1.230 | Green (above the benchmark—acceptable) |
Air humidity: dry/humid | 4.12 | 0.068 | 0.953 | 0.908 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Air freshness: fresh/stuffy | 4.11 | 0.074 | 1.046 | 1.094 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Air smell: odorless/smelly | 3.91 | 0.080 | 1.126 | 1.267 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Air Conditions overall | 4.76 | 0.062 | 0.886 | 0.784 | Green (above the benchmark—satisfactory) |
Lighting Variables | |||||
Lighting: overall satisfactory | 4.79 | 0.077 | 1.100 | 1.210 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Natural light: too little/too much | 4.36 | 0.086 | 1.225 | 1.501 | Red (above the benchmark—too much) |
Glare from the sun: none/too much | 3.98 | 0.105 | 1.490 | 2.220 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Artificial light: too little/too much | 4.37 | 0.079 | 1.115 | 1.244 | Red (above the benchmark—too much) |
Glare from lights: none/too much | 4.21 | 0.084 | 1.195 | 1.429 | Red (above the benchmark—too much) |
Other Essential Variables | |||||
Comfort: overall satisfactory | 4.87 | 0.058 | 0.829 | 0.687 | Amber (no difference with the benchmark) |
Productivity: −40% to +40% | 6.55 +15.5% | 0.100 | 1.388 | 1.925 | Green (above the benchmark—increased) |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Std. Error of the Estimate | Change Statistics | Durbin-Watson | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 Change | F Change | df1 | df2 | Sig. F Change | ||||||
1 | 0.200 a | 0.040 | 0.004 | 0.793 | 0.040 | 1.125 | 6 | 162 | 0.350 | |
2 | 0.695 b | 0.484 | 0.418 | 0.606 | 0.444 | 9.842 | 13 | 149 | 0.000 | 1.963 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | Sig. | Collinearity Statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||
1 | (Constant) | 4.880 | 0.542 | 0.000 | |||
What is your age? | 0.239 | 0.153 | 0.126 | 0.120 | 0.911 | 1.098 | |
What is your sex? | 0.145 | 0.135 | 0.085 | 0.284 | 0.955 | 1.047 | |
Is your office or work area? | −0.012 | 0.045 | −0.020 | 0.797 | 0.972 | 1.029 | |
Do you sit next to a window in your regular workspace? | 0.038 | 0.124 | 0.024 | 0.758 | 0.988 | 1.012 | |
How long have you worked in this building? | −0.312 | 0.236 | −0.130 | 0.187 | 0.616 | 1.624 | |
How long have you worked in your present work area? | −0.073 | 0.193 | −0.037 | 0.704 | 0.637 | 1.571 | |
2 | (Constant) | 1.988 | 0.635 | 0.002 | |||
What is your age? | 0.072 | 0.124 | 0.038 | 0.560 | 0.811 | 1.234 | |
What is your sex? | 0.221 | 0.109 | 0.129 | 0.045 | 0.855 | 1.169 | |
Is your office or work area? | −0.012 | 0.036 | −0.020 | 0.745 | 0.915 | 1.093 | |
Do you sit next to a window in your regular workspace? | −0.083 | 0.106 | −0.051 | 0.439 | 0.787 | 1.271 | |
How long have you worked in this building? | −0.269 | 0.185 | −0.112 | 0.148 | 0.582 | 1.717 | |
How long have you worked in your present work area? | −0.029 | 0.154 | −0.015 | 0.849 | 0.585 | 1.709 | |
Temperature comfort | 0.046 | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.431 | 0.590 | 1.696 | |
Temperature (hot-cold) | 0.161 | 0.053 | 0.230 | 0.003 | 0.605 | 1.653 | |
Temperature stable | −0.010 | 0.056 | −0.013 | 0.861 | 0.596 | 1.677 | |
Air movement | −0.058 | 0.058 | −0.081 | 0.323 | 0.517 | 1.934 | |
Air humidity | 0.039 | 0.078 | 0.045 | 0.616 | 0.440 | 2.272 | |
Air freshness | 0.051 | 0.077 | 0.063 | 0.506 | 0.383 | 2.613 | |
Air smell | −0.093 | 0.058 | −0.124 | 0.108 | 0.591 | 1.691 | |
Air conditions overall (Air) | 0.352 | 0.067 | 0.380 | 0.000 | 0.665 | 1.503 | |
Lighting overall | 0.103 | 0.061 | 0.138 | 0.095 | 0.517 | 1.935 | |
Natural light | 0.156 | 0.062 | 0.227 | 0.013 | 0.424 | 2.359 | |
Glare from the sun and sky | −0.119 | 0.049 | −0.224 | 0.016 | 0.411 | 2.435 | |
Artificial light | 0.130 | 0.060 | 0.180 | 0.032 | 0.498 | 2.008 | |
Glare from lights | −0.136 | 0.054 | −0.197 | 0.012 | 0.571 | 1.752 |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Std. Error of the Estimate | Change Statistics | Durbin-Watson | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 Change | F Change | df1 | df2 | Sig. F Change | ||||||
1 | 0.173 a | 0.030 | −0.007 | 1.384 | 0.030 | 0.805 | 6 | 156 | 0.567 | |
2 | 0.435 b | 0.190 | 0.075 | 1.326 | 0.160 | 1.998 | 14 | 142 | 0.022 | 2.170 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | Sig. | Collinearity Statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||
1 | (Constant) | 6.510 | 0.950 | 0.000 | |||
What is your age? | 0.530 | 0.273 | 0.161 | 0.054 | 0.902 | 1.109 | |
What is your sex? | 0.029 | 0.239 | 0.010 | 0.902 | 0.956 | 1.046 | |
Is your office or work area? | 0.003 | 0.081 | 0.003 | 0.975 | 0.973 | 1.028 | |
Do you sit next to a window in your regular workspace? | 0.045 | 0.221 | 0.016 | 0.838 | 0.982 | 1.019 | |
How long have you worked in this building? | −0.301 | 0.428 | −0.072 | 0.482 | 0.597 | 1.674 | |
How long have you worked in your present work area? | −0.215 | 0.352 | −0.061 | 0.543 | 0.630 | 1.587 | |
2 | (Constant) | 4.819 | 1.468 | 0.001 | |||
What is your age? | 0.236 | 0.278 | 0.072 | 0.399 | 0.793 | 1.261 | |
What is your sex? | 0.121 | 0.247 | 0.041 | 0.624 | 0.821 | 1.217 | |
Is your office or work area? | 0.013 | 0.081 | 0.013 | 0.875 | 0.897 | 1.115 | |
Do you sit next to a window in your regular workspace? | 0.076 | 0.242 | 0.027 | 0.756 | 0.752 | 1.330 | |
How long have you worked in this building? | −0.262 | 0.425 | −0.062 | 0.539 | 0.555 | 1.801 | |
How long have you worked in your present work area? | −0.050 | 0.355 | −0.014 | 0.889 | 0.570 | 1.756 | |
Temperature comfort | −0.018 | 0.131 | −0.014 | 0.893 | 0.568 | 1.761 | |
Temperature (hot-cold) | −0.087 | 0.120 | −0.072 | 0.472 | 0.566 | 1.767 | |
Temperature stable | −0.061 | 0.129 | −0.048 | 0.638 | 0.555 | 1.802 | |
Air movement | −0.063 | 0.130 | −0.052 | 0.625 | 0.504 | 1.984 | |
Air humidity | −0.002 | 0.173 | −0.001 | 0.990 | 0.441 | 2.265 | |
Air freshness | 0.122 | 0.171 | 0.087 | 0.477 | 0.380 | 2.628 | |
Air smell | −0.147 | 0.129 | −0.113 | 0.257 | 0.575 | 1.740 | |
Air conditions overall | 0.190 | 0.160 | 0.119 | 0.238 | 0.567 | 1.763 | |
Lighting overall | −0.066 | 0.137 | −0.051 | 0.631 | 0.514 | 1.945 | |
Natural light | −0.081 | 0.139 | −0.069 | 0.560 | 0.403 | 2.484 | |
Glare from the sun and sky | 0.066 | 0.110 | 0.073 | 0.550 | 0.389 | 2.571 | |
Artificial light | 0.120 | 0.134 | 0.098 | 0.372 | 0.479 | 2.086 | |
Glare from lights | −0.218 | 0.120 | −0.185 | 0.073 | 0.546 | 1.833 | |
All things considered, how do you rate the overall comfort of the building environment? | 0.531 | 0.183 | 0.305 | 0.004 | 0.518 | 1.930 |
Floor | Data Logger | Temp °C | RH % | Vel. m/s | Illuminance Lux | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9:00 | 12:00 | 15:00 | |||||
Level 2 | H1 | 21.69 | 73.36 | 0.170 | 157.68 | 212.86 | 208.93 |
H2 | 21.88 | 65.44 | 0.055 | 108.40 | 143.90 | 112.35 | |
H3 | 22.70 | 74.10 | 1.152 | 100.48 | 122.20 | 124.18 | |
H4 | 25.41 | 53.93 | 1.070 | 2524.75 | 4964.78 | 4229.65 | |
H5 | 21.69 | 65.50 | 0.806 | 404.03 | 703.63 | 918.48 | |
H6 | 20.87 | 68.90 | 0.385 | 106.40 | 137.98 | 151.75 | |
H7 | 25.57 | 62.10 | 0.386 | 806.10 | 1395.43 | 1198.33 | |
H8 | 23.68 | 69.45 | 0.950 | 236.50 | 376.45 | 411.93 | |
Level 6 | H1 | 24.29 | 63.94 | 0.068 | 985.48 | 1326.45 | 812.03 |
H2 | 22.67 | 75.74 | 0.165 | 114.30 | 124.18 | 130.08 | |
H3 | 22.41 | 72.17 | 1.186 | 171.48 | 203.00 | 191.20 | |
H4 | 21.97 | 73.29 | 0.549 | 92.65 | 90.70 | 92.65 | |
H5 | 25.18 | 65.03 | 0.759 | 788.38 | 1022.93 | 618.90 | |
H6 | 23.81 | 65.72 | 0.302 | 120.23 | 132.05 | 102.48 | |
H7 | 22.22 | 77.29 | 0.618 | 214.83 | 197.08 | 120.23 | |
H8 | 23.76 | 69.94 | 1.038 | 1046.55 | 1722.60 | 1409.23 | |
Level 7 | H1 | 23.23 | 72.19 | 0.055 | 1320.55 | 3244.18 | 2717.90 |
H2 | 24.03 | 73.44 | 0.074 | 323.25 | 406.03 | 346.90 | |
H3 | 24.25 | 72.46 | 1.214 | 218.775 | 281.83 | 201.05 | |
H4 | 22.87 | 75.24 | 0.549 | 86.73 | 122.18 | 114.30 | |
H5 | 23.38 | 71.92 | 0.956 | 934.20 | 2244.90 | 1923.63 | |
H6 | 23.61 | 70.58 | 0.372 | 216.78 | 319.30 | 275.93 | |
H7 | 22.87 | 77.17 | 0.600 | 139.95 | 151.73 | 147.76 | |
H8 | 24.38 | 68.31 | 1.122 | 1241.70 | 2438.08 | 1509.75 | |
Level 8 | H1 | 22.92 | 75.39 | 0.089 | 1322.48 | 2497.23 | 1643.75 |
H2 | 23.25 | 73.88 | 0.053 | 183.30 | 230.60 | 155.70 | |
H3 | 23.33 | 71.92 | 1.220 | 386.33 | 354.76 | 193.15 | |
H4 | 22.37 | 77.82 | 0.683 | 250.33 | 425.73 | 266.08 | |
H5 | 23.51 | 71.72 | 0.863 | 1805.38 | 1501.85 | 354.78 | |
H6 | 23.15 | 74.30 | 0.380 | 69.00 | 80.83 | 61.10 | |
H7 | 21.88 | 80.21 | 0.782 | 143.85 | 157.65 | 139.93 | |
H8 | 21.82 | 80.32 | 0.791 | 51.20 | 51.20 | 27.55 |
No. | Case Scenarios Simulation | Yearly Energy Consumption (kWh) | BEI (kWh/m2/year) | Energy Saving | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ON-OFF | Temp (°C) | ||||
1 | 0900–1600 | 25.5 | 1,700,190 | 89.48 | 21.51% |
2 | 0830–1600 | 25.5 | 1,741,860 | 91.68 | 19.58% |
3 | 0900–1600 | 25.0 | 1,750,740 | 92.14 | 19.18% |
4 | 0900–1630 | 25.5 | 1,773,410 | 93.34 | 18.12% |
5 | 0800–1600 | 25.5 | 1,774,740 | 93.41 | 18.06% |
6 | 0830–1600 | 25.0 | 1,794,430 | 94.44 | 17.16% |
7 | 0730–1600 | 25.5 | 1,798,940 | 94.68 | 16.95% |
8 | 0900–1600 | 24.5 | 1,801,130 | 94.80 | 16.84% |
9 | 0830–1630 | 25.5 | 1,812,590 | 95.40 | 16.32% |
10 | 0900–1630 | 25.0 | 1,826,030 | 96.11 | 15.69% |
11 | 0800–1600 | 25.0 | 1,829,250 | 96.28 | 15.54% |
12 | 0900–1700 | 25.5 | 1,841,640 | 96.93 | 14.97% |
13 | 0800–1630 | 25.5 | 1,843,310 | 97.02 | 14.89% |
14 | 0830–1600 | 24.5 | 1,846,850 | 97.20 | 14.74% |
15 | 0900–1600 | 24.0 | 1,851,370 | 97.44 | 14.53% |
16 | 0730–1600 | 25.0 | 1,855,300 | 97.65 | 14.34% |
17 | 0730–1630 | 25.5 | 1,865,690 | 98.19 | 13.87% |
18 | 0830–1630 | 25.0 | 1,867,150 | 98.27 | 13.80% |
19 | 0900–1630 | 24.5 | 1,878,500 | 98.86 | 13.28% |
20 | 0830–1700 | 25.5 | 1,878,560 | 98.87 | 13.27% |
21 | 0800–1600 | 24.5 | 1,883,600 | 99.14 | 13.04% |
22 | 0900–1730 | 25.5 | 1,893,110 | 99.64 | 12.60% |
23 | 0900–1700 | 25.0 | 1,896,260 | 99.80 | 12.46% |
24 | 0830–1600 | 24.0 | 1,899,100 | 99.95 | 12.32% |
25 | 0800–1630 | 25.0 | 1,899,740 | 99.98 | 12.30% |
26 | 0900–1600 | 23.5 | 1,901,440 | 100.08 | 12.21% |
27 | 0800–1700 | 25.5 | 1,907,320 | 100.39 | 11.94% |
28 | 0730–1600 | 24.5 | 1,911,500 | 100.61 | 11.75% |
29 | 0830–1630 | 24.5 | 1,921,560 | 101.13 | 11.29% |
30 | 0730–1630 | 25.0 | 1,923,880 | 101.26 | 11.18% |
31 | 0730–1700 | 25.5 | 1,928,020 | 101.47 | 10.99% |
32 | 0830–1730 | 25.5 | 1,928,190 | 101.48 | 10.98% |
33 | 0900–1630 | 24.0 | 1,930,800 | 101.62 | 10.86% |
34 | 0830–1700 | 25.0 | 1,935,040 | 101.84 | 10.67% |
35 | 0800–1600 | 24.0 | 1,937,790 | 102.00 | 10.53% |
36 | 0900–1730 | 25.0 | 1,949,650 | 102.61 | 10.00% |
37 | 0900–1700 | 24.5 | 1,950,720 | 102.67 | 9.94% |
38 | 0830–1600 | 23.5 | 1,951,200 | 102.69 | 9.92% |
39 | 0900–1600 | 23.0 | 1,951,360 | 102.70 | 9.91% |
40 | 0800–1730 | 25.5 | 1,955,380 | 102.91 | 9.73% |
41 | 0800–1630 | 24.5 | 1,956,000 | 102.95 | 9.69% |
42 | 0800–1700 | 25.0 | 1,965,580 | 103.45 | 9.25% |
43 | 0730–1600 | 24.0 | 1,967,540 | 103.55 | 9.17% |
44 | 0730–1730 | 25.5 | 1,974,760 | 103.93 | 8.83% |
45 | 0830–1630 | 24.0 | 1,975,800 | 104.00 | 8.77% |
46 | 0730–1630 | 24.5 | 1,981,910 | 104.31 | 8.50% |
47 | 0900–1630 | 23.5 | 1,982,950 | 104.37 | 8.44% |
48 | 0830–1730 | 25.0 | 1,986,510 | 104.55 | 8.29% |
49 | 0730–1700 | 25.0 | 1,987,980 | 104.63 | 8.22% |
50 | 0830–1700 | 24.5 | 1,991,350 | 104.81 | 8.06% |
51 | 0800–1600 | 23.5 | 1,991,820 | 104.83 | 8.04% |
52 | 0830–1600 | 23.0 | 2,003,130 | 105.43 | 7.52% |
53 | 0900–1700 | 24.0 | 2,005,010 | 105.53 | 7.43% |
54 | 0900–1730 | 24.5 | 2,006,030 | 105.58 | 7.39% |
55 | 0800–1630 | 24.0 | 2,012,090 | 105.90 | 7.11% |
56 | 0800–1730 | 25.0 | 2,015,410 | 106.07 | 6.96% |
57 | 0730–1600 | 23.5 | 2,023,410 | 106.50 | 6.58% |
58 | 0800–1700 | 24.5 | 2,023,680 | 106.51 | 6.57% |
59 | 0830–1630 | 23.5 | 2,029,870 | 106.84 | 6.28% |
60 | 0900–1630 | 23.0 | 2,034,930 | 107.10 | 6.05% |
61 | 0730–1730 | 25.0 | 2,036,420 | 107.18 | 5.98% |
62 | 0730–1630 | 24.0 | 2,039,780 | 107.36 | 5.82% |
63 | 0830–1730 | 24.5 | 2,044,670 | 107.61 | 5.61% |
64 | 0800–1600 | 23.0 | 2,045,680 | 107.67 | 5.55% |
65 | 0830–1700 | 24.0 | 2,047,500 | 107.76 | 5.47% |
66 | 0730–1700 | 24.5 | 2,047,780 | 107.78 | 5.46% |
67 | 0900–1700 | 23.5 | 2,059,140 | 108.38 | 4.93% |
68 | 0900–1730 | 24.0 | 2,062,250 | 108.54 | 4.79% |
69 | 0800–1630 | 23.5 | 2,068,020 | 108.84 | 4.53% |
70 | 0800–1730 | 24.5 | 2,075,280 | 109.23 | 4.18% |
71 | 0730–1600 | 23.0 | 2,079,110 | 109.43 | 4.01% |
72 | 0800–1700 | 24.0 | 2,081,600 | 109.56 | 3.89% |
73 | 0830–1630 | 23.0 | 2,083,790 | 109.67 | 3.80% |
74 | 0730–1630 | 23.5 | 2,097,470 | 110.39 | 3.17% |
75 | 0730–1730 | 24.5 | 2,097,920 | 110.42 | 3.14% |
76 | 0830–1730 | 24.0 | 2,102,660 | 110.67 | 2.92% |
77 | 0830–1700 | 23.5 | 2,103,480 | 110.71 | 2.89% |
78 | 0730–1700 | 24.0 | 2,107,400 | 110.92 | 2.70% |
79 | 0900–1700 | 23.0 | 2,113,110 | 111.22 | 2.44% |
80 | 0900–1730 | 23.5 | 2,118,290 | 111.49 | 2.20% |
81 | 0800–1630 | 23.0 | 2,123,780 | 111.78 | 1.95% |
82 | 0800–1730 | 24.0 | 2,134,980 | 112.37 | 1.43% |
83 | 0800–1700 | 23.5 | 2,139,360 | 112.60 | 1.23% |
84 | 0730–1630 | 23.0 | 2,155,000 | 113.42 | 0.51% |
85 | 0730–1730 | 24.0 | 2,159,250 | 113.64 | 0.32% |
86 | 0830–1700 | 23.0 | 2,159,300 | 113.65 | 0.31% |
87 | Existing | 2,166,000 | 114.00 | 0.00% |
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Al-Sabahi, M.H.; Ismail, M.A.; Alashwal, A.M.; Al-Obaidi, K.M. Triangulation Method to Assess Indoor Environmental Conditions and Occupant Comfort and Productivity towards Low Energy Buildings in Malaysia. Buildings 2022, 12, 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111788
Al-Sabahi MH, Ismail MA, Alashwal AM, Al-Obaidi KM. Triangulation Method to Assess Indoor Environmental Conditions and Occupant Comfort and Productivity towards Low Energy Buildings in Malaysia. Buildings. 2022; 12(11):1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111788
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Sabahi, Mohammed Hatim, Muhammad Azzam Ismail, Ali Mohammed Alashwal, and Karam M. Al-Obaidi. 2022. "Triangulation Method to Assess Indoor Environmental Conditions and Occupant Comfort and Productivity towards Low Energy Buildings in Malaysia" Buildings 12, no. 11: 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111788