Monitoring and Assessing the Dynamics of Building Deformation Changes in Landslide Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- Measuring the landslide form by using absolute surveying coordinates—it confirmed the occurrence of slow mass movements in the ground surrounding the building; the maximum horizontal point displacement was 13.7 mm per quarter in the winter–spring period;
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- Measuring the observation (reference) points on the floor and building structure components in a relative system for the selected grid of control points that confirmed a spatial deformation of the building load-bearing system; the maximum horizontal displacement of floor points was 13.3 mm per quarter in the winter–spring period;
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- Measuring the deformations of building corners on a concentrated geodetic position (point) grid used to develop the calculation model to determine linear and angular deformations in building corner wall planes [17].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geological Settings
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- Change in slope load conditions caused by extending the structure;
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- Disturbance in natural groundwater drainage by locating an extended building complex across the slope and creating a drainage-free area, where accumulating water was absorbed by colluvial material layers;
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- During long-term intense precipitation periods in 2010.
2.2. Measurement Model
- (a)
- Monofunctional i.e.,:
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- Wall benchmarks were used to determine WH vertical displacements (57 points type 5F-75STK);
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- 13RM21 Wall-mounted target plates used to determine horizontal WXY displacements (83 points).
- (b)
- Bifunctional, in the form of earth points (in the ground—18 points) or floor points (in the floors—18 points), module-type Plastmark 50 PP-PLAS50 or survey steel nails with a center type 5F-75STK and 10TK-45, which were used to determine both WXY horizontal and WH vertical displacement values.Measurements were performed by using:
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- A GNSS set consisting of an R8s antenna and a Trimble TSC3 controller for the horizontal positioning and elevation positioning of grid references (static measurement at the reference point for 1 h 20 min) with relation to ASG-EUPOS system reference stations;
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- TC 1800 Leica and 5503 DR Trimble total stations to determine the horizontal displacements of filling triangulation grid points;
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- Precise Leica Na 3003 code digital level to determine the vertical displacements of points.
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- Reference grid points (stabilization: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, benchmark 5F-75STK with center, measurement nail 10TK-45 with center)—five pieces in total;
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- Control grid points located around the building (stabilization: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, measurement nail 10TK-45 with center)—18 pieces in total;
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- Control grid points located inside the building (stabilization in the floors: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, measurement nail 10TK-25 with center)—18 pieces in total;
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- Points of control grid located inside the building (wall stabilization in the form of 13RM21 target plates, the so-called tape survey targets 40 × 40 mm)—83 pieces in total.
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- Reference grid points (stabilization: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, benchmark 5F-75STK with center, measurement nail 10TK-45 with center)—five pieces in total;
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- Control grid points located around the building (stabilization: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, measurement nail 10TK-45 with center)—18 pieces in total;
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- Control grid points located inside the building (stabilization in the floors: modular point Plastmark 50 PP-PLA S50, measurement nail 10TK-25 with center)—18 pieces in total.
3. Values and the Dynamics of Displacements
3.1. Land Surface Displacements
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- 13.7 mm per quarter in the winter–spring period (from 15 February to 15 May);
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- 4.8 mm per quarter in the spring–summer period (from 15 May to 24 August);
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- 7.3 mm per quarter in the summer–autumn period (from 24 August to 24 November).
3.2. Displacement of Buildings
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technology | Instrument | Measurement Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal | Vertical | ||
GNSS (static) | R8s Trimble antenna | ±5 mm + 0.5 ppm | ±5 mm + 1 ppm |
Polygonal grid | TC 1800 Leica | ±3 cc (angle) ±1 mm + 2 ppm (distance) | - |
5503 DR Trimble | ±9 cc (angle) ±2 mm + 2 ppm (distance) ±3 mm + 2 ppm 1 (distance) | ||
Precise leveling | Na 3003 Leica | - | ±0.4 mm/km (double levelling) |
Measurement Place | Measurement Period | Accuracy Min. [mm] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 February–15 May | 15 May–21 August | 21 August–21 November | |||||
Min. [mm] | Max. [mm] | Min. [mm] | Max. [mm] | Min. [mm] | Max. [mm] | ||
Terrain points | 6.0 (p. 1022) | 13.7 (p. 1035) | 0.9 (p. 1009) | 4.8 (p. 1033) | 0.4 (p. 1026) | 7.3 (1034) | ±2.2 |
S1 segment floor | 7.6 (p. 1020) | 13.3 (p. 1023) | 0.2 (p. 1019) | 6.6 (p. 1021) | 0.7 (p. 1024) | 6.2 (p. 1041) | |
S3 segment floor | 12.4 (p. 1000) | 12.6 (p. 1001) | 1.2 (p. 1001) | 3.6 (p. 1000) | 0.7 (p. 1000) | 3.4 (p. 1001) |
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Florkowska, L.; Bryt-Nitarska, I.; Gawałkiewicz, R.; Kruczkowski, J. Monitoring and Assessing the Dynamics of Building Deformation Changes in Landslide Areas. Buildings 2020, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010003
Florkowska L, Bryt-Nitarska I, Gawałkiewicz R, Kruczkowski J. Monitoring and Assessing the Dynamics of Building Deformation Changes in Landslide Areas. Buildings. 2020; 10(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorkowska, Lucyna, Izabela Bryt-Nitarska, Rafał Gawałkiewicz, and Janusz Kruczkowski. 2020. "Monitoring and Assessing the Dynamics of Building Deformation Changes in Landslide Areas" Buildings 10, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010003