GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Welding of Duplex Stainless Steels
2.1. Joint and Surface Welding
2.2. Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
3. Methodical Approach
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Filler Metals and Shielding Gas
4.2. Achieving Various Nickel Equivalents
4.3. Specimens and Process Parameters
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Process Stability and Application Limits
5.2. Layer Structure and Dimensions of the Specimen Geometries
5.3. Mixing of Electrode and Cold Wire
5.4. Achievable Ferrite-Austenite Ratios
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | C* | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | Nb | Cu | N* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G 23 7 N L | 0.01 | 0.57 | 1.46 | 23.29 | 7.34 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
GZ 22 5 3 L | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.75 | 22.15 | 5.51 | 3.23 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.14 |
G 22 9 3 N L | 0.02 | 0.48 | 1.54 | 22.48 | 8.77 | 3.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.14 |
Electrode (El) | Cold Wire (CW) | vEl, m/min | vCW, m/min | CW Percentage % | CrEq | NiEq | FN (WRC-1992) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G 22 9 3 | - | 5 | - | 0 | 25.6 | 12.3 | 46 |
G 22 9 3 | GZ 22 5 3 | 5 | 0.5 | 9.1 | 25.6 | 12.0 | 50 |
G 22 9 3 | GZ 22 5 3 | 5 | 1.0 | 16.7 | 25.6 | 11.8 | 54 |
G 22 9 3 | GZ 22 5 3 | 5 | 1.5 | 23.1 | 25.5 | 11.5 | 58 |
GZ 22 5 3 | G 22 9 3 | 5 | 1.5 | 23.1 | 25.4 | 9.8 | 88 |
GZ 22 5 3 | - | 5 | - | 0 | 25.4 | 9.1 | >100 |
Parameter | Setting |
---|---|
welding process | GMAW–CMT |
welding position | PA (1G) |
torch position, angle | α = 0°, β = 0° |
shielding gas flow rate | 18 l/min |
shielding gas nozzle diameter | 18 mm |
gas nozzle distance | 10 mm |
contact tube distance | 12 mm |
wire feed speed | 5.0 m/min |
welding speed | 0.5 m/min |
energy per unit length | 0.44 kJ/mm |
interpass temperature | ≤50 °C |
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Stützer, J.; Totzauer, T.; Wittig, B.; Zinke, M.; Jüttner, S. GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components. Metals 2019, 9, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050564
Stützer J, Totzauer T, Wittig B, Zinke M, Jüttner S. GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components. Metals. 2019; 9(5):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050564
Chicago/Turabian StyleStützer, Juliane, Tom Totzauer, Benjamin Wittig, Manuela Zinke, and Sven Jüttner. 2019. "GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components" Metals 9, no. 5: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050564