Non-Destructive Electrochemical Testing for Stainless-Steel Components with Complex Geometry Using Innovative Gel Electrolytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Determination of Oxygen Content and Conductivity of the Electrolytes
3.2. Effect of the Electrolyte on the Chemical Composition and Electronic Properties of the Passive Film
3.3. Non-Destructive Electrochemical Measurements in Gel Electrolytes with Various Compositions
3.4. Measurements in a Complex-Shaped Stainless-Steel Part
4. Conclusions
- The performance of the electrochemical gel cell with the addition of KClO4 proved to be as adequate as that with NaCl, though the presence of chlorides in the gel seems to be more capable of detecting regions with a susceptibility to developing corrosive attack. These results open the door for the selection of desired aggression for monitoring conditions.
- For passive stainless steels analyzed with non-destructive techniques, 30%-glycerol gels offer results closer to those obtained in liquid electrolytes, but 40%-glycerol electrolytes can become especially advisable for testing on very complex surfaces. 50% glycerol can easily lead to corrosion rates somewhat lower than those obtained in liquid electrolytes for passive stainless steels.
- The cation distribution determined using XPS for the passive layers in contact with liquid and gel electrolytes was relatively similar, although it could be considered slightly Fe-poorer after exposure to gel electrolytes. Passive layers in contact with gel electrolytes were thinner and richer in hydroxides than those formed in liquid electrolytes.
- Mott–Schottky analyses carried out with gel electrolytes containing KClO4 proved that less defective, passive layers tended to be formed in gels rather than in liquid electrolytes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Salt | Conductivity (mS/cm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid | Gel (0.5% Agar) | ||||
0% Glycerol | 30% Glycerol | 40% Glycerol | 50% Glycerol | ||
0.5% NaCl | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 11 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
1% KClO4 | 8.6 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
Heading | Salt | Liquid | Gel (0.5%Agar) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30% Glycerol | 40% Glycerol | 50% Glycerol | |||
OCP mV vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) | NaCl | −40 ± 18 | −108 ± 5 | −21 ± 5 | 9 ± 5 |
KClO4 | 39 ± 9 | −56 ± 6 | −62 ± 4 | 33 ± 9 |
Electrolyte | R1 (Ω·cm2) | CPE1-T (µF·cm−2·sn−1) | n1 | R2 (MΩ·cm2) | CPE2-T (µF·cm−2·sn−1) | n2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl | Liquid | 135 ± 7 | 17 ± 4 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 7 ± 2 | 8 ± 4 | 0.84 ± 0.05 |
30% Glycerol | 36 ± 12 | 7 ± 5 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 7 ± 5 | 35 ± 15 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | |
40% Glycerol | 118 ± 6 | 21 ± 15 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 10 ± 5 | 14 ± 4 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | |
50% Glycerol | 271 ± 63 | 14 ± 5 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 15 ± 2 | 9 ± 1 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | |
KClO4 | Liquid | 171 ± 27 | 24 ± 7 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 5 ± 2 | 7 ± 2 | 0.83 ± 0.08 |
30% Glycerol | 289 ± 10 | 20 ± 1 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 22 ± 1 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | |
40% Glycerol | 313 ± 12 | 28 ± 6 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 20 ± 1 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | |
50% Glycerol | 373 ±10 | 14 ± 2 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 53 ± 20 | 10 ± 2 | 0.86 ± 0.03 |
Salt in the Gel | OCP (mV vs. SCE) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outer | Inner | Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) | Weld | Crevice | |
NaCl | −7 | 27 | −32 | −192 | −63 |
KClO4 | 5 | −6 | 23 | −85 | −44 |
Salt in the Gel | Surface | Electrochemical Parameters from the EIS Measurements | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 (Ω·cm2) | CPE1-T (µF·cm−2·sn−1) | n1 | R1−a (kΩ·cm2) | CPE1−a-T (µF·cm−2·sn−1) | n1−a | R2 (MΩ·cm2) | CPE2-T (µF·cm−2·sn−1) | n2 | ||
KClO4 | Outer | 137 | 16 | 0.92 | - | - | - | 21 | 20 | 0.91 |
Inner | 115 | 9 | 0.90 | - | - | - | 34 | 21 | 0.90 | |
HAZ | 47 | 5 | 0.90 | - | - | - | 17 | 25 | 0.88 | |
Weld | 127 | 14 | 0.79 | - | - | - | 1.5 | 35 | 0.77 | |
Crevice | 226 | 28 | 0.68 | 4.7 | 19 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 64 | 0.75 | |
NaCl | Outer | 56 | 6 | 0.99 | - | - | - | 11 | 23 | 0.86 |
Inner | 160 | 12 | 0.9 | - | - | - | 32 | 15 | 0.91 | |
HAZ | 91 | 9 | 0.95 | - | - | - | 3.5 | 19 | 0.80 | |
Weld | 206 | 78 | 0.68 | - | - | - | 0.20 | 32 | 0.86 | |
Crevice | 368 | 28 | 0.69 | 2.6 | 26 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 29 | 0.86 |
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Monrrabal, G.; Ramírez-Barat, B.; Bautista, A.; Velasco, F.; Cano, E. Non-Destructive Electrochemical Testing for Stainless-Steel Components with Complex Geometry Using Innovative Gel Electrolytes. Metals 2018, 8, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070500
Monrrabal G, Ramírez-Barat B, Bautista A, Velasco F, Cano E. Non-Destructive Electrochemical Testing for Stainless-Steel Components with Complex Geometry Using Innovative Gel Electrolytes. Metals. 2018; 8(7):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070500
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonrrabal, Gleidys, Blanca Ramírez-Barat, Asunción Bautista, Francisco Velasco, and Emilio Cano. 2018. "Non-Destructive Electrochemical Testing for Stainless-Steel Components with Complex Geometry Using Innovative Gel Electrolytes" Metals 8, no. 7: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070500