Deformation Characteristic and Constitutive Modeling of 2707 Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Compression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Flow Stress-Strain Cures
3.2. Analysis of Microstructure Evolution
3.3. Establishment of Constitutive Relationship at Peak Strain
3.4. Constitutive Modeling Considering Effect of Strain
3.5. Verification of the Developed Constitutive Modeling
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The flow stress was especially sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate as it increased with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature. When the temperature was higher than 1100 °C and strain rate was less than 1 s−1, the true stress-strain curves exhibited DRV characteristics without peak stress. Flow curves with peak stress could be observed at lower temperatures, which may be attributed to DRX or flow instability.
- (2)
- At lower temperatures, a large number of precipitates appeared in ferrite and distributed along the deformation direction, which could restrain processing of discontinuous DRX because of pinning grain boundaries. When the temperature increased to 1150 °C, precipitates disappeared and sharper substructure in ferrite and some serrated boundaries in austenite were observed, indicating the leading softening behaviors were DRV in ferrite and discontinuous DRX in austenite. When the temperature reached 1250 °C, sharper substructure in ferrite and no obvious serrated boundaries in austenite showed that softening behavior was mainly DRV in ferrite. With the increasing of strain rate, the load was transformed from ferrite to austenite, leading to strain accumulation in austenite in latter stages until the triggering of discontinuous DRX.
- (3)
- The peak stress of 2707 HDSS was well fitted by the constitutive modeling of the hyperbolic sine function. Due to the higher content of Cr, Mo, Ni, and N, 2707 HDSS processed higher apparent activation energy (569.279 kJ·mol−1) than traditional DSSs.
- (4)
- The hyperbolic sine constitutive model considering the compensation of strain was developed. A sixth order polynomial was found to be most suitable for describing the relationship between the material constants and the strains. The developed constitutive relationships of flow stress with strain, strain rate, and temperature were successfully used to predict the flow stresses under various deformation conditions, and the correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error were 0.992 and 5.22%, respectively.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel Grades | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | Q/kJ·mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
as-21Cr EDSS [11] | 0.02 | 0.58 | 4.65 | 21.03 | 1.26 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 401.6 |
2205 DSS [21] | 0.023 | 0.001 | 1.35 | 22.07 | 4.83 | 2.37 | 0.19 | 460.9 |
2507 [41] | 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.08 | 25.21 | 7.08 | 4.23 | 0.26 | 493.0 |
2707 HDSS | 0.0044 | 0.42 | 1.11 | 26.83 | 7.14 | 4.88 | 0.37 | 569.279 |
α | β | n | Q | lnA |
---|---|---|---|---|
α0 = 0.00778 | β0 = 0.05921 | n0 = 5.38072 | Q0 = 433.7134 | A0 = 37.6406 |
α1 = 0.01391 | β1 = 0.24588 | n1 = 4.23215 | Q1 = 3340.689 | A1 = 267.325 |
α2 = −0.13113 | β2 = −2.35617 | n2 = −58.3197 | Q2 = −26,985.42 | A2 = −2155.24 |
α3 = 0.68476 | β3 = 9.23339 | n3 = 145.989 | Q3 = 96,937.91 | A3 = 7660.88 |
α4 = −1.61171 | β4 = −16.0984 | n4 = 5.81170 | Q4 = −171,312.5 | A4 = −13,301.7 |
α5 = 1.76105 | β5 = 12.4872 | n5 = −350.183 | Q5 = 146,514.1 | A5 = 11,097.16 |
α6 = −0.73869 | β6 = −3.37538 | n6 = 277.087 | Q6 = −48,226.32 | A6 = −3528.39 |
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Li, H.; Jiao, W.; Feng, H.; Li, X.; Jiang, Z.; Li, G.; Wang, L.; Fan, G.; Han, P. Deformation Characteristic and Constitutive Modeling of 2707 Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Compression. Metals 2016, 6, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6090223
Li H, Jiao W, Feng H, Li X, Jiang Z, Li G, Wang L, Fan G, Han P. Deformation Characteristic and Constitutive Modeling of 2707 Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Compression. Metals. 2016; 6(9):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6090223
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Huabing, Weichao Jiao, Hao Feng, Xinxu Li, Zhouhua Jiang, Guoping Li, Lixin Wang, Guangwei Fan, and Peide Han. 2016. "Deformation Characteristic and Constitutive Modeling of 2707 Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Compression" Metals 6, no. 9: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6090223