Experimental Verification of Statistically Optimized Parameters for Low-Pressure Cold Spray Coating of Titanium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Modeling
2.1. Modeling Assumptions
- (1)
- Ideal gas law is obeyed by the carrier gas.
- (2)
- The gas flow is one-dimensional, frictionless, and adiabatic.
- (3)
- Steady-state conditions exist.
- (4)
- Gas expansion is uniform; no shocks or discontinuities.
- (5)
- Particles effect on gas conditions is negligible.
- (6)
- Inter-particle collision is negligible.
- (7)
- Particles effect on space charge is negligible.
2.2. Model Equations
2.2.1. The Continuity Equation
2.2.2. The Momentum Equation
2.2.3. The Energy Equation
2.2.4. The Constitutive Equation
2.2.5. The Discrete Equations
2.3. Thermo-Physical Properties and Boundary Conditions
2.4. Experimental Details
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Exit Velocity
3.2. Microstructure and Porosity of the Coatings
3.3. Hardness of the Coatings
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ρg | gas (air) density |
δg | Kronecker delta, which is a component of the identity tensor defined such that δij = 1 if i = j, otherwise δij = 0 |
ν | velocity vector |
τ | stress tensor |
μ | molecular viscosity |
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Carrier Gas (Air) | SiC Powder | ||
---|---|---|---|
Density | 1.205 kg/m3 | Density | 3160 kg/m3 |
Specific heat capacity, Cp | 1.005 J/kg·K | Heat capacity, C | 675 J·kg−1·K−1 |
Thermal conductivity, h | 0.0257 W/m·K | Thermal conductivity | 490 W·m−1·K−1 |
Kinematic viscosity, v | 15.11 ×10−6 m2/s | Elastic modulus, E | 570 MPa |
Expansion coefficient | 3.43 × 10−3 1/K | Poisson ratio, μ | 0.17 |
Prandtl’s number, Pr | 0.713 |
Section of the Nozzle | (mm) |
---|---|
Throat diameter | 4 |
Nozzle entrance diameter | 8 |
Nozzle exit diameter | 6 |
Length of converging section | 50 |
Length of diverging section | 125 |
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Adebiyi, D.I.; Popoola, A.P.; Botef, I. Experimental Verification of Statistically Optimized Parameters for Low-Pressure Cold Spray Coating of Titanium. Metals 2016, 6, 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6060135
Adebiyi DI, Popoola AP, Botef I. Experimental Verification of Statistically Optimized Parameters for Low-Pressure Cold Spray Coating of Titanium. Metals. 2016; 6(6):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6060135
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdebiyi, Damilola Isaac, Abimbola Patricia Popoola, and Ionel Botef. 2016. "Experimental Verification of Statistically Optimized Parameters for Low-Pressure Cold Spray Coating of Titanium" Metals 6, no. 6: 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6060135