On the Influence of the Initial Shear Damage to the Cyclic Deformation and Damage Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Testing
2.1. Metallography
2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.3. Tensile Test
2.4. Hardness Test
2.5. Fatigue Test Program
3. Test Results and Discussion
3.1. Dynamic Characteristics of Materials
3.2. Crack Research
SEM Observations
4. Modeling and Simulation
4.1. Computational Modeling
4.1.1. Aluminum Matrix
4.1.2. Mg2Si Precipitates
4.1.3. Grain Boundary
4.1.4. Subgrain Boundaries
4.1.5. Mg2Si Eutectic (Coarse Mg2Si)
4.1.6. β-Al5FeSi
4.1.7. π-(FeMg3Si6Al8)
4.1.8. AlCr
4.1.9. Si Particles
4.1.10. Computational Approach
4.2. From the Standpoint of Mechanics
4.3. From a Metallurgical Standpoint
4.4. Experimentation-Based Verification
5. Conclusions
- Most of the initial fatigue cracks are found in planes parallel to the maximum shear stress. Based on the experimental results, a crack propagation model can be proposed by following the laws of crack mechanics, starting with the cracks in the plane with the maximum shear stress;
- The initial cracks are mostly found in planes parallel to the maximum shear stress. Statistically, the microcracks under tension modes are highest at 45° (approximately 30%), while under torsion are highest at 0° (approximately 20%) with respect to the sample orientation. The influence of the microstructure is explained by finite element analysis;
- The initial cracks not only propagate on the surface but also propagate towards the inside of the material;
- With the application of SEM, it is possible to find crack propagation that is hampered by the microstructural barriers;
- The stress distribution and cracking in the AlMgSi were both modeled. The model took into account the load-carrying function’s constituent phases. The calculation results from the specimen were used as inputs for the boundary conditions. The local models were positioned on the surface. Hard and soft materials are treated differently in the models, with various failure rules. The findings suggest that the constituents and the microstructure have a crucial role in increasing the material strength at low stress levels, analogous to the hard fibers of a composite material. The hard and especially sharp elements, on the other hand, become damaging to the system as the stress increases to the point where cracking can occur. They serve as a starting point for cracking. This discovery corresponds to what is known in the field of metallurgy. Three mechanical parameters influence the cracking conditions, namely the particle form (microstructure), strain rate, and matrix failure law.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | % Weight | Element | % Weight |
---|---|---|---|
Si | 0.47 | Cr | 0.88 |
Fe | 1.11 | Zn | 0.01 |
Cu | 0.36 | Ti | 0.10 |
Mn | 0.07 | Pb | 0.01 |
Mg | 0.74 | Al | 92.72 |
σu (MPa) | σ0.2% (MPa) | A5 (%) | Z (%) | E (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
437 | 420 | 12.2 | 37.3 | 86,000 |
Parameter | Tension Fatigue Testing | Torsion Fatigue Testing |
---|---|---|
Modulus E | 74,499 MPa | - |
Modulus G | - | 28,822 MPa |
ε′f | 0.0967 | - |
γ′f | - | 2.204 |
σ′f | 577.560 | - |
τ′f | - | 263.040 |
bσ or bγ | −0.074 | −0.062 |
bσ or bγ | −0.655 | −0.894 |
0.113 | 0.069 | |
752.130 | 249.130 |
Name of Constituent | Modulus GPa | Poisson’s Ratio | Failure Condition | Main Characteristics Related to Modeling | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al matrix | 68.0 | 0.30 | Johnson–Cook | This can usually be model with elastoplastic | [25] |
β-Mg2Si | 105.0 | 0.29 | Mises | Disrupt the homogeneity, brittle cracking failure | [26,27] |
Sub GB | 66.5 | 0.30 | Johnson–Cook | Atomic mismatch stronger than the matrix | [10] |
GB | 67.0 | 0.29 | Johnson–Cook | Similar with low angle with even higher UTS | [28,29,30] |
Eutectic Mg2Si | 105.0 | 0.29 | Mises | segregation around the grain boundary also called coarse Mg2Si | [31] |
β-Al5FeSi | 150.0 | 0.28 | Max strain | Disrupt the homogeneity, brittle cracking failure | [15,32] |
π-FeMg3Si6Al8 | 43.0 | 0.27 | Mises | - | [20] |
AlCr | 111.161 | 0.27 | Strain energy | - | [18] |
Si | 112.0 | 0.28 | Strain energy | - | [24] |
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Suhartono, H.A.; Kirman, K.; Prawoto, Y. On the Influence of the Initial Shear Damage to the Cyclic Deformation and Damage Mechanism. Metals 2022, 12, 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071072
Suhartono HA, Kirman K, Prawoto Y. On the Influence of the Initial Shear Damage to the Cyclic Deformation and Damage Mechanism. Metals. 2022; 12(7):1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071072
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuhartono, Hermawan Agus, Kirman Kirman, and Yunan Prawoto. 2022. "On the Influence of the Initial Shear Damage to the Cyclic Deformation and Damage Mechanism" Metals 12, no. 7: 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071072