Modelling of the Erosive Dissolution of Metal Oxides in a Deep Eutectic Solvent—Choline Chloride/Sulfosalicylic Acid—Assisted by Ultrasonic Cavitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Experimental, Apparatus and Procedures
3. Theoretical Part
3.1. Applicable Methods and Some Basic Schemes for Solving the Problem
3.2. Force Component of the Ultrasonic Cavitation Action
3.3. Cavitation Mechanism of Erosive Approach for Metal Oxides Dissolution in DES
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Efficient intensification of leaching cannot be achieved simply by acceleration of every step. Due to synchronism of some processes, it is necessary to set the operating regime in such a way that different stages do not interfere with each other and moreover provide the best conditions for the entire process realization. For example, accumulation of powder that is too fast prevents efficient dissolution due to formation of conglomerates; therefore, consistency of parameters should take this feature of the process into account;
- Ultrasound is able to boost the dissolution of metal oxide not only by its shredding (cavitation-induced) but also by creating an acoustic flow that promptly deletes the saturated solution film (interfering fast metal oxide molecules transfer) from the surface. Specific organization of such a process helps to significantly increase the efficiency of mentioned technology. However, the search for the key features and determination of optimal conditions requires additional independent study. It may result in new intriguing and practically useful recommendations and engineering solutions. In addition, results obtained during this research allow evaluating the value of flow rate in liquid. Considering the scope of mentioned schemes, including of such additional flow sources can boost the dissolution process;
- Diversity of configurations in the area of cavitation and the abundance of methods of ultrasound usage for their generation allows choosing the most efficient variant for every specific scheme. It is extremely important for maximal process intensification achievement. At the same time, one can use different types of waves, products of their interaction and features of nonlinear US modification. The latter include solitary acoustic impulses, self-focusing US beams, and nonlinear wave structures. It is possible to develop new or to modify old leaching systems with their help;
- It was found that ultrasound allows intensifying the dissolution process of Mn(III), Ni(III), and Co(II) oxides in DES choline chloride/sulfosalicylic acid (7:3). The experimental data correlate well with the theory. This fact allows us to speak about the adequacy of the proposed theoretical calculations describing kinetics of metal oxides dissolution process in DES.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gradov, O.M.; Zinov’eva, I.V.; Zakhodyaeva, Y.A.; Voshkin, A.A. Modelling of the Erosive Dissolution of Metal Oxides in a Deep Eutectic Solvent—Choline Chloride/Sulfosalicylic Acid—Assisted by Ultrasonic Cavitation. Metals 2021, 11, 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121964
Gradov OM, Zinov’eva IV, Zakhodyaeva YA, Voshkin AA. Modelling of the Erosive Dissolution of Metal Oxides in a Deep Eutectic Solvent—Choline Chloride/Sulfosalicylic Acid—Assisted by Ultrasonic Cavitation. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121964
Chicago/Turabian StyleGradov, Oleg M., Inna V. Zinov’eva, Yulia A. Zakhodyaeva, and Andrey A. Voshkin. 2021. "Modelling of the Erosive Dissolution of Metal Oxides in a Deep Eutectic Solvent—Choline Chloride/Sulfosalicylic Acid—Assisted by Ultrasonic Cavitation" Metals 11, no. 12: 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121964