High-Temperature Surface Oxide Growth Kinetics of Al–Si–Zr Bulk Alloys and Ribbons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of the Alloy
3.2. Oxidation Kinetics
3.3. Thermal Studies
3.4. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscope Studies. Microhardness Tests
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wet Chemistry and Spectral Methods | ICP-OES Methods | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NB | cSi (Mass %) | cZr (Mass %) | cAl (Mass %) | NB | cZr ± RSD (Mass %) | NR | cZr ± RSD (Mass %) |
1B | 9.70 | 0.30 | 90.00 | 1B | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 1R | 0.27 ± 0.01 |
2B | 10.00 | 0.82 | 89.18 | 2B | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 2R | 1.09 ± 0.08 |
3B | 11.30 | 1.20 | 87.50 | 3B | 1.19± 0.05 | 3R | 1.16 ± 0.07 |
4B | 9.30 | 1.40 | 89.30 | 4B | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 4R | 1.34 ± 0.03 |
NB | t ± SD (°C) | Duration (s) | NR | t ± SD (°C) | Duration (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1B | 541.4 ± 0.4 | 5400 | 1R | 540.4 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
2B | 541.4 ± 0.4 | 5400 | 2R | 540.7 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
3B | 541.3 ± 0.4 | 5352 | 3R | 541.4 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
3B | 540.6 ± 0.3 | 7200 | - | - | - |
4B | 541.3 ± 0.4 | 5400 | 4R | 541.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
3B | 490.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 | 3R | 490.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
3B | 510.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 | 3R | 510.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 |
3B | 560.0 ± 0.4 | 5400 | - | - | - |
No | t (°C) | n1 ± SDn1 | (k1,ef ± SDk1,ef) × 10–6 (kg/m2s) | n2 ± SDn2 | k2,ef ± SDk2,ef (kg/m2s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1B | 540 | 0.998 ± 0.002 | 1.887 ± 0.020 | 2.120 ± 0.004 | (2.230 ± 0.060) × 10−9 |
2B | 540 | 1.106 ± 0.002 | 0.758 ± 0.030 | 2.108 ± 0.004 | (2.900 ± 0.060) × 10−9 |
3B | 540 | 1.135 ± 0.001 | 1.158 ± 0.010 | 2.397 ± 0.004 | (9.530 ± 0.140) × 10−10 |
4B | 540 | 1.140 ± 0.001 | 0.870 ± 0.030 | 2.391 ± 0.004 | (5.680 ± 0.070) × 10−10 |
3B | 490 | 1.146 ± 0.001 | 0.355 ± 0.003 | 2.630 ± 0.005 | (1.930 ± 0.030) × 10−11 |
3B | 510 | 1.072 ± 0.002 | 0.841 ± 0.010 | 2.530 ± 0.005 | (8.840 ± 0.130) × 10−11 |
3B | 560 | 1.300 ± 0.002 | 1.499 ± 0.010 | 2.225 ± 0.003 | (2.000 ± 0.020) × 10−8 |
1R | 540 | 1.031 ± 0.001 | 0.199 ± 0.003 | 1.858 ± 0.003 | (3.056 ± 0.060) × 10−10 |
2R | 540 | 1.091 ± 0.001 | 0.176 ± 0.004 | 2.362 ± 0.004 | (1.100 ± 0.020) × 10−11 |
3R | 540 | 1.132 ± 0.001 | 0.102 ± 0.006 | 2.143 ± 0.004 | (3.852 ± 0.002) × 10−11 |
4R | 540 | 1.097 ± 0.002 | 0.930 ± 0.004 | 2.269 ± 0.004 | (2.940 ± 0.020) × 10−11 |
3R | 490 | 1.043 ± 0.002 | 0.051 ± 0.001 | 2.816 ± 0.004 | (4.788 ± 0.003) × 10−15 |
3R | 510 | 0.964 ± 0.002 | 0.245 ± 0.002 | 1.743 ± 0.004 | (3.578 ± 0.001) × 10−10 |
(a) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | t (°C) | lnkCR ± SD | lnkD ± SD | EA,CR ± SD (kJ/mol) | EA,D ± SD (kJ/mol) |
3B | 490 | −14.8501 ± 0.0067 | −24.6708 ± 0.0146 | 106.30 ± 20.45 R2 = 0.896 | 525.20 ± 64.85 R2 = 0.955 |
3B | 510 | −13.9881 ± 0.0089 | −23.1497 ± 0.0144 | ||
3B | 540 | −13.6688 ± 0.0062 | −20.7716 ± 0.0142 | ||
3B | 560 | −13.4102 ± 0.0077 | −17.7294 ± 0.0106 | ||
1B | 540 | −13.1797 ± 0.0078 | −19.9213 ± 0.0137 | - | - |
2B | 540 | −14.0926 ± 0.0071 | −19.6584 ± 0.0121 | - | - |
4B | 540 | −13.9528 ± 0.0081 | −21.2880 ± 0.0120 | - | - |
(b) | |||||
No | t (°C) | lnkCR ± SD | lnkD ± SD | EA,CR (kJ/mol) | EA,D (kJ/mol) |
3R | 490 | −16.7894 ± 0.0087 | −32.9727 ± 0.0234 | 56.26 ± 9.88 R2 = 0.360 | 250.92 ± 123.37 R2 = 0.887 |
3R | 510 | −15.2211 ± 0.0155 | −21.7510 ± 0.0082 | ||
3R | 540 | −16.0989 ± 0.0057 | −23.9799 ± 0.0131 | ||
1R | 540 | −15.4276 ± 0.0157 | −21.9093 ± 0.0117 | - | - |
2R | 540 | −15.5500 ± 0.0167 | −25.2330 ± 0.0257 | - | - |
4R | 540 | −15.4594 ± 0.0127 | −24.2498 ± 0.0241 | - | - |
No | P1 ± SD (°C) | ΔH1 ± SD (J g −1) | P2 ± SD (°C) | ΔH2 ± SD (J g −1) | P3 ± SD (°C) | ΔH3 ± SD (J g −1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1Bh | 574.7 ± 0.9 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | – | – | – | – |
1Bc | 580.7 ± 0.1 | −5.2 ± 0.3 | 586.8 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | ≈1200 | 3.23 ± 0.6 |
2Bh | 574.6 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | – | – | – | – |
2Bc | 574.2 ± 3.6 | −4.1 ± 0.3 | 594.2 ± 0.1 | −0.5 ± 0.2 | – | – |
4Bh | 574.5 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | – |
4Bc | 580.5 ± 0.4 | −3.9 ± 0.1 | 588.2 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 | ≈1200 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
No | P1 (°C) | ΔH1 ± SD (J g −1) | P2 (°C) | ΔH2 ± SD (J g −1) | P3 (°C) | ΔH3 ± SD (J g −1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3Bh | 575.8 ± 0.4 | 17.8 ± 13.3 | 1475.5 ± 3.5 | 73.4 ± 74 | – | – |
3Bc | 572.1 ± 6.9 | −27.7 ± 21.7 | – | – | 1486.7 ± 1.6 | −333 ± 34 |
No | Sp. | Before Oxidation | Sp. | After Oxidation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al (At.%) | Si (At.%) | Zr (At.%) | Al (At.%) | Si (At.%) | Zr (At.%) | |||
1B | 26 | 76.66 | 11.90 | 11.44 | 1 | 42.56 | 34.62 | 22.82 |
27 | 70.39 | 18.37 | 11.24 | 3 | 49.03 | 32.79 | 18.18 | |
- | - | - | - | 4 | 41.29 | 47.11 | 11.61 | |
- | - | - | - | 6 | 42.56 | 36.20 | 21.24 | |
- | - | - | - | 7 | 49.89 | 32.63 | 17.48 | |
2B | 32 | 75.98 | 8.49 | 15.54 | 9 | 44.12 | 34.86 | 21.02 |
33 | 73.68 | 8.24 | 18.08 | 11 | 40.97 | 36.44 | 22.58 | |
- | - | - | - | 12 | 39.52 | 37.36 | 23.12 | |
3B | 35 | 64.47 | 11.08 | 24.44 | 13 | 38.23 | 38.01 | 23.76 |
36 | 69.02 | 10.70 | 20.28 | 15 | 43.90 | 35.08 | 21.02 | |
37 | 71.01 | 10.21 | 18.78 | 16 | 39.83 | 37.56 | 22.61 | |
- | - | - | - | 17 | 36.83 | 39.31 | 23.85 | |
4B | 39 | 64.84 | 10.49 | 24.67 | 19 | 39.96 | 34.84 | 25.20 |
40 | 74.43 | 8.46 | 17.11 | 20 | 35.14 | 40.28 | 24.58 | |
41 | 75.75 | 8.15 | 16.09 | 21 | 48.79 | 31.31 | 19.90 | |
- | 80.00 | 6.94 | 13.06 | - | - | - | - | |
Average | - | 72.38 | 10.28 | 17.34 | - | 42.18 | 36.56 | 21.26 |
SD | - | 4.93 | 3.09 | 4.59 | - | 4.25 | 3.70 | 3.35 |
NB | HV ± SD (kgf/mm2) | H ± SD (MPa) | NR | HV± SD (kgf/mm2) | H ± SD (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1B | 54 ± 3 | 533 ± 32 | 1R | 99 ± 11 | 974 ± 105 |
2B | 55 ± 5 | 538 ± 53 | 2R | 100 ± 5 | 1077 ± 46 |
3B | 54 ± 4 | 534 ± 39 | 3R | 102 ± 12 | 996 ± 116 |
4B | 48 ± 2 | 473 ± 22 | 4R | 121 ± 2 | 1191 ± 20 |
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Kiradzhiyska, D.; Vassilev, G.; Mancheva, R.; Yaneva, S.; Milcheva, N. High-Temperature Surface Oxide Growth Kinetics of Al–Si–Zr Bulk Alloys and Ribbons. Metals 2021, 11, 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121893
Kiradzhiyska D, Vassilev G, Mancheva R, Yaneva S, Milcheva N. High-Temperature Surface Oxide Growth Kinetics of Al–Si–Zr Bulk Alloys and Ribbons. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121893
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiradzhiyska, Denitsa, Gueorgui Vassilev, Rositsa Mancheva, Svetlana Yaneva, and Nikolina Milcheva. 2021. "High-Temperature Surface Oxide Growth Kinetics of Al–Si–Zr Bulk Alloys and Ribbons" Metals 11, no. 12: 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121893