Measurement Uncertainty and Representation of Tensile Mechanical Properties in Metals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Observations of Measurement Uncertainty
2.1. Uncertainty Relative to Temperature: Intermediate Temperature Embrittlement
- (1)
- Reduction of area varies with testing temperature for a given strain rate.
- (2)
- There is a testing temperature at which the reduction of area reaches a minimum.
- (3)
- The testing temperature corresponding to the minimum reduction of area shifts to lower temperatures with decreasing strain rate.
2.2. Uncertainty Relative to Strain Rate: Strain Rate Embrittlement
- (1)
- The change in strain rate can cause a variation in the reduction of area or elongation when tensile-tested at a fixed temperature, termed the strain rate embrittlement.
- (2)
- There is usually a strain rate at which a maximum embrittlement occurs, termed the critical strain rate.
- (3)
- The critical strain rate decreases with the decrease in test temperature.
- (4)
- For the case with no critical strain rate present, the reduction of area may increase or decrease continuously with increasing strain rate. When the reduction of area decreases with strain rate, the curve of the RA–strain rate at a higher temperature is always above that at a lower temperature. Nevertheless, when the reduction of area increases with strain rate, the curve of the RA–strain rate (or elongation–strain rate) at a lower temperature is always above that at a higher temperature.
- (5)
- For an alloy that undergoes a given thermal cycle, the reduction of area may increase or decrease with strain rate when tensile-tested at different temperatures.
2.3. Tensile Testing Results of Pure Metals
3. Paradox of Tensile Test
4. Mechanism of Measurement Uncertainty
4.1. Microscopic Theory of Elastic Deformation
4.1.1. Microscopic Mechanism and Critical Time
4.1.2. Peak Temperature of Segregation and Its Variation
4.2. Elastic Deformation Induced Measurement Uncertainty
4.2.1. Critical Time Induced Strain Rate Embrittlement
4.2.2. Peak Temperature Induced Intermediate Temperature Embrittlement
5. Measurement Uncertainty of Yield Strength
- (1)
- For an elastic deformation process where the metal is deformed for an identical time at different temperatures, one temperature must exist at which the segregation concentration of the solute at the atmosphere has a maximum (peak) value. The critical time at this temperature is equal or close to the EDT. This temperature is called the peak temperature of atmosphere induced by elastic deformation.
- (2)
- The peak temperature of atmosphere shifts to lower temperatures when the EDT is prolonged at various temperatures.
6. A New Technology System of Tensile Testing
6.1. “Mechanical Property–Tensile Strain Rate” Curve
6.2. Original Mechanical Properties
6.3. Service Mechanical Properties
6.4. Mechanical Properties during Processing Deformation
7. Measurement of Original Mechanical Property
8. Representation of Mechanical Properties for High-Entropy Alloys
8.1. Experimental Results and Discussion
8.1.1. Measurement Uncertainty Induced by Temperature Variation
8.1.2. Measurement Uncertainty Induced by Strain Rate Variation
8.2. Mechanical Property Characterization
8.2.1. Original Mechanical Property
8.2.2. Service Mechanical Property
8.2.3. Processing Deformation Mechanical Property
9. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heat | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cu | Ni | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | 0.24 | 1.06 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.230 | 0.110 | 0.100 | 0.055 |
D | 0.19 | 1.32 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.218 | 0.263 | 0.203 | 0.160 |
Mo | As | Sb | Sn | Al | Alsol | N | ||
C | 0.052 | 0.0082 | 0.0013 | 0.005 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.0176 | |
D | 0.061 | 0.0096 | 0.0035 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.030 | 0.0096 |
Alloy | As-Annealed/Pre-Strained | Strainrate(s−1) | Yieldstrength(MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Vacuum | |||
Fe-40Al | As-annealed | 1 × 10−5 | 200 |
1 × 10−4 | 207 | ||
1 × 10−3 | 205 | ||
1 × 10−2 | 203 | ||
Air | |||
Fe-40Al | As-annealed | 1 × 10−6 | 170 |
1 × 10−4 | 178 | ||
1 × 10−3 | 195 | ||
1 × 10−2 | 205 | ||
1 × 10−1 | 210 | ||
1 | 206 | ||
Pre-strained | 1 × 10−4 | 258 | |
1 × 10−2 | 380 | ||
1 | 280 | ||
Fe-40Ai-1Y | As-annealed | 1 × 10−6 | 230 |
1 × 10−4 | 250 | ||
1 × 10−2 | 290 | ||
1 | 280 | ||
Pre-strained | 1 × 10−6 | 250 | |
1 × 10−2 | 510 | ||
1 | 460 |
T (K) | 296 | 673 | 873 | 1073 | 1273 | 1473 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0.2 (MPa) | 929 | 790 | 675 | 535 | 295 | 92 |
Strain Rate (s−1) | 10−5 | 10−4 | 10−3 | 10−2 | 10−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0.2 (MPa) | 285 | 475 | 535 | 543 | 550 |
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Xu, T.; Wang, K.; Song, S. Measurement Uncertainty and Representation of Tensile Mechanical Properties in Metals. Metals 2021, 11, 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111733
Xu T, Wang K, Song S. Measurement Uncertainty and Representation of Tensile Mechanical Properties in Metals. Metals. 2021; 11(11):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111733
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Tingdong, Kai Wang, and Shenhua Song. 2021. "Measurement Uncertainty and Representation of Tensile Mechanical Properties in Metals" Metals 11, no. 11: 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111733