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10.3390/met10091243
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Article

Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part I: The Effect of Temperature–Time on Oxidation Kinetics

by
Rosa Maria Pineda Huitron
1,*,
Pavel Ernesto Ramírez López
2,3,
Esa Vuorinen
1,
Pooria Nazen Jalali
2,
Leonardo Pelcastre
1 and
Maija Kärkkäinen
4
1
Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden
2
Casting and Flow Simulation Group, Process Metallurgy Department, SWERIM AB, Aronstorpsvägen 1, SE-97 437 Luleå, Sweden
3
Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Brinellvägen 23, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
4
SSAB Europe Oy Raahe works, Rautaruukintie 155, PL 93, 92101 Raahe, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metals 2020, 10(9), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091243
Submission received: 8 August 2020 / Revised: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 / Published: 15 September 2020
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Abstract

The findings in this work enhance the understanding of oxidation mechanisms and scale growth at high temperatures of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel for improving surface quality during continuous casting. The oxidation phenomenon was investigated under dry air and water vapor atmospheres by heating specimens at 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C at different holding times. Temperature and time had great effects on the kinetics, where faster (i.e., parabolic) oxidation rates were present under water vapor when compared with the dry air condition. Temperature strongly influenced the number of defects, such as pores, voids, gaps and micro-cracks, formed in the oxide scale. A phase analysis confirmed the presence of FeO as the first phase formed at the steel surface, Fe3O4 as the middle and thicker phase, and Fe2O3 as the last phase formed in the oxide/air interface. The micromechanics of the oxides demonstrated that a combination of phases with high (wüstite) and low plasticity (magnetite and hematite) could also have been the reason for the uneven cooling during Continuous Casting (CC) that resulted in the undesired surface quality of the steel slabs. This work gives a good look at the oxide scale effect on the surface quality of steel slabs through an understanding the kinetics during oxidation.
Keywords: oxide scale; water vapor; kinetics; continuous casting; HSLA steel oxide scale; water vapor; kinetics; continuous casting; HSLA steel
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pineda Huitron, R.M.; Ramírez López, P.E.; Vuorinen, E.; Nazen Jalali, P.; Pelcastre, L.; Kärkkäinen, M. Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part I: The Effect of Temperature–Time on Oxidation Kinetics. Metals 2020, 10, 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091243

AMA Style

Pineda Huitron RM, Ramírez López PE, Vuorinen E, Nazen Jalali P, Pelcastre L, Kärkkäinen M. Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part I: The Effect of Temperature–Time on Oxidation Kinetics. Metals. 2020; 10(9):1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091243

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pineda Huitron, Rosa Maria, Pavel Ernesto Ramírez López, Esa Vuorinen, Pooria Nazen Jalali, Leonardo Pelcastre, and Maija Kärkkäinen. 2020. "Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part I: The Effect of Temperature–Time on Oxidation Kinetics" Metals 10, no. 9: 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091243

APA Style

Pineda Huitron, R. M., Ramírez López, P. E., Vuorinen, E., Nazen Jalali, P., Pelcastre, L., & Kärkkäinen, M. (2020). Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part I: The Effect of Temperature–Time on Oxidation Kinetics. Metals, 10(9), 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091243

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