GTA Weldability of Rolled High-Entropy Alloys Using Various Filler Metals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. GTA Weldability of Rolled HEA Using Various Fillers
3.2. Compositional and Microstructural Behaviour of GTA Welds Using Various Filler Metals
3.3. Mechanical Properties of GTA Welds Using Various Filler Metals
3.3.1. Hardness Distribution Behaviour of the Welds
3.3.2. Tensile and Microstructural Behaviour of the Welds
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- No macro-defects such as internal pores or cracks were observed for any of the GTA welds. However, the macro-segregation region of the Fe component and deficient regions of Ni, Mn, and Co components were formed in the centreline of the weld using an STS 308L filler.
- (2)
- For WMs produced using different fillers (HEA and STS 308L), an FCC solid solution phase was observed. The weld using the STS 308L filler had no BCC phase because of the dilution of the stabilising element of FCC introduced from the HEA BM. Furthermore, the columnar grains exhibited unidirectional growth from the fusion line in the WM using the STS 308L filler than those using the HEA filler.
- (3)
- The main reason for the low hardness of the WM was that the grain size of WM was approximately 70 times larger than that of the rolled HEA BM regardless of the filler metals.
- (4)
- The tensile properties of all welds were worse than those of the rolled HEA BM, and the tensile fracture of all welds occurred near the centreline in the WMs. Furthermore, the tensile properties of the weld using the STS 308L filler deteriorated more than those of the weld using the HEA filler. This was associated with the macro-segregation and severe martensite transformation formed in the centreline of WM. Therefore, to enhance the weldability of the rolled HEA, it is necessary to prevent the formation of macro-segregation and enhance grain refinement in the WM of GTA welds.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Miracle, D.B.; Miller, J.D.; Senkov, O.; Woodward, C.; Uchic, M.D.; Tiley, J. Exploration and Development of High Entropy Alloys for Structural Applications. Entropy 2014, 16, 494–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Y.; Wang, Q.; Lu, J.; Liu, C.; Yang, Y. High-entropy alloy: Challenges and prospects. Mater. Today 2016, 19, 349–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.J.; Lin, J.P.; Chen, G.L.; Liaw, P.K. Solid-Solution Phase Formation Rules for Multi-component Alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2008, 10, 534–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otto, F.; Yang, Y.; Bei, H.; George, E. Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high-entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2013, 61, 2628–2638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Otto, F.; Dlouhý, A.; Somsen, C.; Bei, H.; Eggeler, G.; George, E. The influences of temperature and microstructure on the tensile properties of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Acta Mater. 2013, 61, 5743–5755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schuh, B.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Völker, B.; George, E.; Clemens, H.; Pippan, R.; Hohenwarter, A. Mechanical properties, microstructure and thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy after severe plastic deformation. Acta Mater. 2015, 96, 258–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moon, J.; Qi, Y.; Tabachnikova, E.; Estrin, Y.; Choi, W.-M.; Joo, S.-H.; Lee, B.-J.; Podolskiy, A.; Tikhonovsky, M.; Kim, H.S. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 Processed by High-Pressure Torsion at 77 K and 300 K. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 11074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naeem, M.; He, H.; Zhang, F.; Huang, H.; Harjo, S.; Kawasaki, T.; Wang, B.; Lan, S.; Wu, Z.; Wang, F.; et al. Cooperative deformation in high-entropy alloys at ultralow temperatures. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaax4002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tirunilai, A.S.; Sas, J.; Weiss, K.-P.; Chen, H.; Szabó, D.V.; Schlabach, S.; Haas, S.; Geissler, D.; Freudenberger, J.; Heilmaier, M.; et al. Peculiarities of deformation of CoCrFeMnNi at cryogenic temperatures. J. Mater. Res. 2018, 33, 3287–3300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, Q.; Liu, J.; An, X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liao, X. Cryogenic-deformation-induced phase transformation in an FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy. Mater. Res. Lett. 2018, 6, 236–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyu, Z.; Fan, X.; Lee, C.; Wang, S.-Y.; Feng, R.; Liaw, P.K. Fundamental understanding of mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys at low temperatures: A review. J. Mater. Res. 2018, 33, 2998–3010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gludovatz, B.; Hohenwarter, A.; Thurston, K.V.S.; Bei, H.; Wu, Z.; George, E.; Ritchie, R. Exceptional damage-tolerance of a medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi at cryogenic temperatures. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jo, Y.H.; Jung, S.; Choi, W.M.; Sohn, S.S.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, B.J.; Kim, N.J.; Lee, S. Cryogenic strength improvement by utilizing room-temperature deformation twinning in a partially recrystallized VCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhattacharjee, T.; Zheng, R.; Chong, Y.; Sheikh, S.; Guo, S.; Clark, I.T.; Okawa, T.; Wani, I.S.; Bhattacharjee, P.P.; Shibata, A.; et al. Effect of low temperature on tensile properties of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2018, 210, 207–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kashaev, N.; Ventzke, V.; Stepanov, N.; Shaysultanov, D.; Sanin, V.; Zherebtsov, S. Laser beam welding of a CoCrFeNiMn-type high entropy alloy produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Intermetallics 2018, 96, 63–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; David, S.A.; Leonard, D.N.; Feng, Z.; Bei, H. Microstructures and mechanical properties of a welded CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2018, 23, 585–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; David, S.; Feng, Z.; Bei, H. Weldability of a high entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy. Scr. Mater. 2016, 124, 81–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nam, H.; Park, C.; Kim, C.; Kim, H.S.; Kang, N.H. Effect of post weld heat treatment on weldability of high entropy alloy welds. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2017, 23, 420–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, H.; Park, C.; Moon, J.; Na, Y.; Kim, H.; Kang, N.H. Laser weldability of cast and rolled high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2019, 742, 224–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, H.; Park, S.; Chun, E.-J.; Kim, H.S.; Na, Y.; Kang, N. Laser dissimilar weldability of cast and rolled CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2019, 25, 127–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, M.-G.; Kim, H.-J.; Kang, M.; Madakashira, P.P.; Park, E.S.; Suh, J.-Y.; Kim, D.-I.; Hong, S.-T.; Han, H.N. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and laser welded high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. Met. Mater. Int. 2018, 24, 73–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Z.; Sun, Y.; Ng, F.; Goh, M.; Liaw, P.; Fujii, H.; Nguyen, Q.; Xu, Y.; Shek, C.; Nai, S.; et al. Friction-stir welding of a ductile high entropy alloy: Microstructural evolution and weld strength. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2018, 711, 524–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Sun, H.; Wang, S.; Hao, X.; Dong, H. Rotary friction welding of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 814, 152322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.; Park, C.; Na, Y.; Kim, H.S.; Kang, N. Effects of (W, Cr) carbide on grain refinement and mechanical properties for CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys. J. Alloy. Compd. 2019, 770, 222–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.; Nam, H.; Na, Y.; Kim, H.; Moon, Y.; Kang, N. Effect of Initial Grain Size on Friction Stir Weldability for Rolled and Cast CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloys. Met. Mater. Int. 2019, 26, 641–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, H.; Park, S.; Park, N.; Na, Y.; Kim, H.S.; Yoo, S.-J.; Moon, Y.-H.; Kang, N. Weldability of cast CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys using various filler metals for cryogenic applications. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 819, 153278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, J.; Curado, T.; Zeng, Z.; Lopes, J.; Rossinyol, E.; Park, J.M.; Schell, N.; Fernandes, F.B.; Kim, H.S. Gas tungsten arc welding of as-rolled CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Mater. Des. 2020, 189, 108505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sokkalingam, R.; Mishra, S.; Cheethirala, S.R.; Muthupandi, V.; Sivaprasad, K. Enhanced Relative Slip Distance in Gas-Tungsten-Arc-Welded Al0.5CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy. Met. Mater. Trans. A 2017, 48, 3630–3634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASTM E2627-13. Standard Practice for Determining Average Grain Size Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Fully Recrystallized Polycrystalline Materials; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010; pp. 10–13. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM E8/E8M-08. Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010; pp. 1–27. [Google Scholar]
- Korchuganov, A.V.; Lutsenko, I.S. Molecular dynamics research of mechanical, diffusion and thermal properties of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. AIP Conf. Proc. 2018, 2053, 040046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Licavoli, J.J.; Gao, M.C.; Sears, J.S.; Jablonski, P.D.; Hawk, J.A. Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2015, 24, 3685–3698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, W.; Kil, W.; Moon, B.; Nam, H.; Kang, N.H. Tensile and Microstructural Behaviors of Austenitic Stainless Steel GTA Welds for Cryogenic Application. J. Weld. Join. 2020, 38, 400–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chun, E.-J.; Baba, H.; Nishimoto, K.; Saida, K. Precipitation of sigma and chi phases in δ-ferrite of Type 316FR weld metals. Mater. Charact. 2013, 86, 152–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, E.-J.; Lee, J.-H.; Cho, S.-W.; Yi, W.-G.; Nam, K.-W. Effect of Carbon Content on Intergranular Corrosion of Welding Heat Affected Zone in 304 Stainless Steel. J. Weld. Join. 2019, 37, 322–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, M.; Kim, C. A Review of Joining Processes for High Strength 7xxx Series Aluminum Alloys. J. Weld. Join. 2017, 35, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramanaiah, N.; Rao, K.S.; Guha, B.; Rao, K.P. Effect of modified AA4043 filler on partially melted zone cracking of Al-alloy gas tungsten arc welds. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2005, 10, 591–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nam, H.; Yoo, S.; Lee, J.; Na, Y.; Park, N.; Kang, N. GTA Weldability of Rolled High-Entropy Alloys Using Various Filler Metals. Metals 2020, 10, 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101371
Nam H, Yoo S, Lee J, Na Y, Park N, Kang N. GTA Weldability of Rolled High-Entropy Alloys Using Various Filler Metals. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101371
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam, Hyunbin, Seonghoon Yoo, Junghoon Lee, Youngsang Na, Nokeun Park, and Namhyun Kang. 2020. "GTA Weldability of Rolled High-Entropy Alloys Using Various Filler Metals" Metals 10, no. 10: 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101371