Precipitates in Compact Strip Production (CSP) Process Non-Oriented Electrical Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Magnetic Properties
3.2. Morphology and Composition of the Precipitates
3.3. Thermodynamic Analysis of Precipitates
3.4. Kinetics Analysis of Precipitates
- Assuming the nucleation mode is homogeneous nucleation and grain boundary nucleation;
- Assuming the nucleus is spherical, and neglecting the misfit or the elastic strain energy between the new phase and the matrix;
- Assuming the interface of austenite and the new phase attain the partial equilibrium during the precipitation and growth process;
- Assuming the diffusion of chemical element M, forming the precipitates in the austenite, is the restrictive factor of precipitate’s growth.
3.4.1. Driving Force for the Nucleation
3.4.2. Nucleation Rate and Precipitation-Time-Temperature
3.4.3. Growth of Precipitates
3.5. Grain Growth Behavior
4. Conclusions
- As the contents of elements and technology for heating processing are nearly equivalent, P15/50 increases obviously with an increase in ∑ (C + N + S + Ti) in 95–105 ppm.
- TEM and SEM results show that the main particles are AlN, TiN, MnS, Cu2S, and fine oxide inclusions. The distribution density, the volume fraction, and the average size of the precipitates in the annealed sheets are 9.08 × 1013/cm3, 0.06%, and 54.3 nm, respectively.
- Theoretical calculations show that precipitates are preferentially nucleated at grain boundaries. During the soaking process, TiN and MnS are the main precipitates, and AlN and Cu2S would precipitate continuously, and the average particle size of AlN and Cu2S particles decreases in the subsequent process after soaking.
- Combined with SEM and theoretical calculation results, the average size of AlN and Cu2S particles would decrease after soaking, but that of MnS and TiN is the opposite.
- The precipitates in 30–500 nm would hinder the grain growth during annealing, and the 100–300 nm particles played the main role in hindering the grain growth.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Als | N | Cu | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content, wt% | 0.0030 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 0.075 | 0.0040 | 0.30 | 0.0035 | 0.030 | 0.0030 |
MnS, wt% | Cu2S, wt% | AlN, wt% | TiN, wt% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Equilibrium | Max | Equilibrium | Max | Equilibrium | Max | Equilibrium |
0.00106 | 0.0081 (76.4%) | 0.00623 | 0.00232 (37.2%) | 0.00725 | 0.00473 (65.2%) | 0.00288 | 0.00286 (99.3%) |
Phases | Solubility Product | Diffusion of M, D, cm2/s | Interfacial Energy, σ, J/m2 | Lattice Constant, nm |
---|---|---|---|---|
AlN | 2.72–10062/T | 5.9 exp(−241000/RT) | 1.03504–0.3437 ∗ 10−3T | a = 0.3111, c = 0.4978 |
TiN | 5.56–17205/T | 0.15 exp(−251000/RT) | 1.1803–0.5318 ∗ 10−3T | 0.4239 |
MnS | 2.9–8966.3/T | 1.7 exp(−222000/RT) | 0.9225–0.4157 ∗ 10−3T | 0.52226 |
Cu2S | 26.31–4971/T | 0.19exp(−272000/RT) | 0.8 | 0.56286 |
Computational Item | Values |
---|---|
Mn-ωS | 0.243146 |
E | 0.026146 |
Controlling element | S |
Size, nm | D/nm | Number/cm3 | f/% | Fp (Zener)/Pa | Fp (RBM)/Pa | Fp (FBM)/Pa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30–70 | 34 | 6.53 × 1013 | 1.88 × 10−3 | 6.64 × 104 | 8.45 × 104 | 3.42 × 105 |
70–100 | 75 | 1.89 × 1013 | 5.85 × 10−3 | 9.36 × 104 | 1.19 × 105 | 3.31 × 105 |
100–300 | 188 | 6.31 × 1012 | 3.07 × 10−2 | 1.96 × 105 | 2.50 × 105 | 3.99 × 105 |
300–500 | 345 | 2.39 × 1011 | 7.19 × 10−3 | 2.50 × 104 | 3.19 × 104 | 8.26 × 104 |
500–1000 | 702 | 3.42 × 1010 | 8.67 × 10−3 | 1.48 × 104 | 1.89 × 104 | 4.59 × 104 |
1000–3000 | 1823 | 1.37 × 109 | 6.09 × 10−3 | 4.01 × 103 | 5.10 × 103 | 1.40 × 104 |
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Qiao, J.-l.; Guo, F.-h.; Hu, J.-w.; Xiang, L.; Qiu, S.-t.; Wang, H.-j. Precipitates in Compact Strip Production (CSP) Process Non-Oriented Electrical Steel. Metals 2020, 10, 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101301
Qiao J-l, Guo F-h, Hu J-w, Xiang L, Qiu S-t, Wang H-j. Precipitates in Compact Strip Production (CSP) Process Non-Oriented Electrical Steel. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101301
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiao, Jia-long, Fei-hu Guo, Jin-wen Hu, Li Xiang, Sheng-tao Qiu, and Hai-jun Wang. 2020. "Precipitates in Compact Strip Production (CSP) Process Non-Oriented Electrical Steel" Metals 10, no. 10: 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101301