Electrochemical Corrosion of SAC Alloys: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Techniques to Study Electrochemical Corrosion (ECC)
2.1. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
2.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
3. Main Corrosion Mechanism of SAC Alloys in Different Environments
3.1. Corrosion Studies of Pure SAC Alloys
3.2. Corrosion Studies Related to the Alloying Elements on SAC Alloys
3.3. Corrosion Studies of SAC Alloys Compared to Other Alloys
3.4. Corrosion Studies of Micro-Alloyed SAC Alloys
3.5. Corrosion Studies of Composite SAC Solder Alloys
3.6. Recently Developed Permanent Magnet Stirring
3.7. Temperature and Cooling Rate Effect on the Corrosion SAC Alloys
4. Effect of Fluxes
5. Conclusions
- LSV is the most frequently applied technique to determine the corrosion parameters. Simple evaluation is possible; for example, the more noble values of Ecorr can indicate a better corrosion behaviour and icorr is a reliable parameter to evaluate the corrosion rate. Although this technique is widely used, it is not recommended for evaluating long-term corrosion performance.
- EIS is the most reliable technique; it evaluates in more detail the resistance of the passive film and the charge transfer resistance at the passive film/metal interface, and it also provides information about the electrolyte layer formation as well.
- Both techniques are also useful for pitting corrosion detection, which is one of the typical types of the solder alloy corrosion processes.
- Within the group of SAC alloys, it is important to study the variation of Ag and Cu content, as these elements are showing potential corrosion accelerating effects.
- Composite solders have great potential to enhance the corrosion performance of SAC alloys. However, this field is not deeply addressed in the literature.
- Slow cooling rates show a significant effect on the grain size, which is directly affecting the corrosion resistance of SAC alloys. The corrosion resistance of solders is expected to decrease when operating under high temperatures and high humidity environments.
- The structure-based corrosion resistance of SAC alloys can be further enhanced by technological improvements, such as the application of PMS during the solidification process.
- Flux residues may impose a high risk of the corrosion even in the presence of no-clean flux, and the risk becomes very high in case of hand soldering applications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Half-Reaction | Standard Electrode Potential (V) |
---|---|---|
Tin | Sn2+ + 2e− = Sn | −0.1375 |
Silver | Ag+ + e− = Ag | +0.7996 |
Copper | Cu+ + e− = Cu | +0.5210 |
- | Cu2+ + 2e− = Cu | +0.3419 |
Lead | Pb2+ + 2e− = Pb | −0.1262 |
Type of SAC | Ecorr (mV) | icorr (mA/cm2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
SAC305 | −415 (SCE) | 7.175 × 10−5 | [81] |
SAC305-0.2Ge | −499 (SCE) | 2.213 × 10−4 | [81] |
SAC305-0.5Ge | −593 (SCE) | 2.842 × 10−4 | [81] |
SAC305-1Ge | −661 (SCE) | 1.181 × 10−3 | [81] |
SAC305-2Ge | −598 (SCE) | 3.089 × 10−4 | [81] |
SAC305-5Ge | −572 (SCE) | 3.859 × 10−4 | [81] |
SAC305-8Ge | −545 (SCE) | 2.539 × 10−4 | [81] |
SAC305 | −524 (KCl-Ag/AgCl) | 0.154 | [54] |
SAC305-0.1Al | −649 (KCl-Ag/AgCl) | 0.54 × 10−3 | [54] |
SAC305-0.5Al | −719 (KCl-Ag/AgCl) | 1.07 × 10−3 | [54] |
SAC305 | −524 (Ag/AgCl saturated KCl) | 27.8 × 10−3 | [53] |
SAC105 | −510 (Ag/AgCl saturated KCl) | 318 × 10−3 | [53] |
SAC305 | −415 (SCE) | 7.175 × 10−5 | [83] |
SAC0307 | −840 (saturated Ag/AgCl) | 0.83 × 10−3 | [72] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu | −837 (saturated Ag/AgCl) | 1.03 × 10−3 | [72] |
Commerical SAC305 | −877 (SCE) | 9.4 × 10−3 | [49] |
Air-cooled SAC305 | −867 (SCE) | 9.6 × 10−3 | [49] |
Furnace-cooled SAC305 | −885 (SCE) | 9.5 × 10−3 | [49] |
SAC305 | −605 (SCE) | 5.37 × 10−4 | [52] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu-9In | −578 (SCE) | 7.413 × 10−3 | [52] |
SAC105 | −668 (SCE) | 0.451 × 10−3 | [55] |
SAC105-0.1Zn | −676 (SCE) | 0.705 × 10−3 | [55] |
SAC105-0.5Zn | −696 (SCE) | 0.891 × 10−3 | [55] |
SAC105-1Zn | −795 (SCE) | 9.720 × 10−3 | [55] |
SAC305 | −1052 (SCE) | 2.19 × 10−3 | [79] |
SAC305 | −1078 (SCE) | 5.2 × 10−3 | [97] |
SAC305 | −410 (SCE) | 1.469 × 10−2 | [48] |
SAC105 | −810 (Ag/AgCl) | 4.6 | [51] |
SAC205 | −814 (Ag/AgCl) | 6.06 | [51] |
SAC305 | −804 (Ag/AgCl) | 3.14 | [51] |
SAC405 | −636 (Ag/AgCl) | 2.25 | [51] |
Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu | −727 (SCE) | 0.089 | [41] |
SAC205 | −989 (Ag/AgCl) | 114 × 10−3 | [65] |
SAC205 soldified with PMS | −652 (Ag/AgCl) | 31 × 10−3 | [65] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu | −1220 (SCE) | - | [56] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.01 Ni-CNTS | −820 (SCE) | - | [56] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.03 Ni-CNTS | −780 (SCE) | - | [56] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.07 Ni-CNTS | −480 (SCE) | - | [56] |
SAC305 | −590 (SCE) | 0.14 × 10−3 | [86] |
SAC0307-0.05Ni | −569 (SCE) | 0.083 × 10−3 | [86] |
SAC0807-0.1Bi | −597 (SCE) | 0.011 × 10−3 | [86] |
SAC0807-0.05Ni | −568 (SCE) | 0.024 × 10−3 | [86] |
SAC0807-3Bi-1.4Sb-0.15Ni | −570 (SCE) | 0.84 × 10−3 | [86] |
Type of SAC | Type and Concentration of the Solution | Ecorr (mV) | icorr (mA/cm2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
SAC305 | 3% NaCl | −415 (SCE) | 7.175 × 10−5 | [80] |
SAC105 | 5 wt % NaCl | −741.6 (SCE) | 70.8 × 10−3 | [57] |
SAC305 | 0.1 M NaCl | −178 | 12.64 × 10−6 | [58] |
SAC305-0.05Ni | 0.1 M NaCl | −535 | 1.604 × 10−6 | [58] |
SAC305-0.05Fe2O3 | 0.1 M NaCl | −309 | 1.161 × 10−6 | [58] |
SAC305-0.05TiO2 | 0.1 M NaCl | −278 | 1.113 × 10−6 | [58] |
SAC305 | 0.1 M NaCl | −520 (SCE) | - | [60] |
Sn-3.0Ag-3.0Cu | 0.1 M NaCl | −395 (SCE) | - | [60] |
Sn-3.1Ag-0.8Cu | 0.1 M NaCl | −670 (SCE) | - | [76] |
Sn-2.9Ag-6.7Cu | 0.1 M NaCl | −545 (SCE) | - | [76] |
SAC205 | 3% NaCl | −610 (Ag/AgCl) | - | [84] |
SAC305 | 6 M KOH | −1108 (Hg/HgO) | 0.1795 | [73] |
SAC305 | 1 M HCl | −600 (SCE) | 0.01 | [44] |
SAC305 | 1M HCl | −713.3 (SCE) | 39.83 × 10−3 | [79] |
SAC105 | 0.1 M NaCl | −599 (SCE) | 0.145 × 10−3 | [59] |
SAC105-Fe-1Bi | 0.1 M NaCl | −538 (SCE) | 0.128 × 10−3 | [59] |
SAC105-Fe-2Bi | 0.1 M NaCl | −577 (SCE) | 0.178 × 10−3 | [59] |
SAC0307 | 0.5 M NaCl | −750 (SCE) | 3.47 × 10−3 | [66] |
SAC0307-0.12Al2O3 | 0.5 M NaCl | −680 (SCE) | 1.15 × 10−3 | [66] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu | 0.3% Na2SO4 | −685.92 (SCE) | 3.6252 × 10−4 | [90] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.01 Ni-CNTs | 0.3% Na2SO4 | −662.08 (SCE) | 2.3297 × 10−4 | [90] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.03 Ni-CNTs | 0.3% Na2SO4 | −661.59 (SCE) | 12.302 × 10−4 | [90] |
Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu/0.05 Ni-CNTs | 0.3% Na2SO4 | −743.37 (SCE) | 10.462 × 10−4 | [90] |
SAC105 aged for 4 h at 120 °C | 0.5 M NaCl | −497 (Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl) | 18.45 × 10−3 | [78] |
SAC105 aged for 72 h at 120 °C | 0.5 M NaCl | −654 (Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl) | 1.99 × 10−3 | [78] |
SAC387 aged for 4 h at 120 °C | 0.5 M NaCl | −475 (Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl) | 17.48 × 10−3 | [78] |
SAC387 aged for 72 h at 120 °C | 0.5 M NaCl | −585 (Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl) | 0.37 × 10−3 | [78] |
Sn-3.8Ag-1.5Cu | 0.1 M NaCl | −390 (SCE) | 7 | [43] |
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Gharaibeh, A.; Felhősi, I.; Keresztes, Z.; Harsányi, G.; Illés, B.; Medgyes, B. Electrochemical Corrosion of SAC Alloys: A Review. Metals 2020, 10, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101276
Gharaibeh A, Felhősi I, Keresztes Z, Harsányi G, Illés B, Medgyes B. Electrochemical Corrosion of SAC Alloys: A Review. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101276
Chicago/Turabian StyleGharaibeh, Ali, Ilona Felhősi, Zsófia Keresztes, Gábor Harsányi, Balázs Illés, and Bálint Medgyes. 2020. "Electrochemical Corrosion of SAC Alloys: A Review" Metals 10, no. 10: 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101276