Identification of the Flow Properties of a 0.54% Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mathematical Approach
- The material behaves isotropic regarding all mechanical properties.
- Strain hardening effects are negligible compared to the phase transformation effects.
- Compared to the plastic deformations, the elastic, thermal and transformation strains are negligible small.
2.2. Materials
2.3. Experimental Setup
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The model by Schmicker et al. is successfully applied to continuous cooling, without violating its consistency.
- The higher the cooling rate, the greater the differences in the flow properties at the same temperature during heating and cooling.
- Using the data available in CCT diagrams, the properties during cooling can be approximated based on the properties determined at heating, which allows to increase the accuracy compared to the model without the presented adaptions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CCT | Continuous cooling transformation |
RFW | Rotary friction welding |
TTA | Time-temperature-austenitization |
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C | Si | Mn | P | S |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.54 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Heating | Cooling | |
---|---|---|
≥300 | ≤800 | |
1–2000 K/s | 5 K/s, 30 K/s | |
0.3 mm | ||
0.003–30 mm/s | 0.03–0.3 mm/s |
Heating | Cooling | ||
---|---|---|---|
5 K/s | 30 K/s | ||
0.9084 | 0.9421 | 0.8830 |
Heating | Cooling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 K/s | 30 K/s | |||||
n | n | n | ||||
[MPa] | [-] | [MPa] | [-] | [MPa] | [-] | |
200 | – | – | – | – | 440.4 | 4.13 |
250 | – | – | 728.3 | 13.26 | 315.7 | 3.88 |
300 | 774.3 | 32.93 | 706.8 | 13.03 | 232.8 | 3.69 |
350 | 774.3 | 32.93 | 670.3 | 12.64 | 215.1 | 3.64 |
400 | 759.3 | 32.01 | 648.4 | 12.41 | 196.4 | 3.59 |
450 | 669.9 | 27.16 | 530.6 | 11.19 | 165.9 | 3.49 |
500 | 523.3 | 20.90 | 399.8 | 9.82 | 129.9 | 3.36 |
550 | 381.1 | 16.14 | 274.0 | 8.44 | 102.8 | 3.24 |
600 | 285.0 | 13.35 | 178.9 | 7.28 | 84.6 | 3.15 |
650 | 207.0 | 11.21 | 118.6 | 6.43 | 68.8 | 3.06 |
700 | 147.1 | 9.58 | 93.1 | 6.02 | 56.0 | 2.98 |
750 | 97.2 | 8.14 | 74.6 | 5.68 | 46.0 | 2.90 |
800 | 73.0 | 7.37 | 56.9 | 5.32 | ||
850 | 59.6 | 6.91 | ||||
900 | 48.6 | 6.50 | ||||
950 | 39.4 | 6.13 | ||||
1000 | 32.7 | 5.83 | ||||
1050 | 26.5 | 5.53 | ||||
1100 | 22.0 | 5.29 | ||||
1150 | 18.4 | 5.08 | ||||
1200 | 17.0 | 4.98 | ||||
1250 | 13.5 | 4.74 | ||||
1300 | 10.1 | 4.47 |
Heating | Cooling | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
5 K/s | 30 K/s | |||
[HV] | 322 | 311 | 733 | |
[] | – | 690 | 305 | |
[] | 720 | |||
[] | 850 |
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Rößler, C.; Schmicker, D.; Sherepenko, O.; Halle, T.; Körner, M.; Jüttner, S.; Woschke, E. Identification of the Flow Properties of a 0.54% Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling. Metals 2020, 10, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010104
Rößler C, Schmicker D, Sherepenko O, Halle T, Körner M, Jüttner S, Woschke E. Identification of the Flow Properties of a 0.54% Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling. Metals. 2020; 10(1):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010104
Chicago/Turabian StyleRößler, Christoph, David Schmicker, Oleksii Sherepenko, Thorsten Halle, Markus Körner, Sven Jüttner, and Elmar Woschke. 2020. "Identification of the Flow Properties of a 0.54% Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling" Metals 10, no. 1: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010104
APA StyleRößler, C., Schmicker, D., Sherepenko, O., Halle, T., Körner, M., Jüttner, S., & Woschke, E. (2020). Identification of the Flow Properties of a 0.54% Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling. Metals, 10(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010104