Heart Rate Variability and Direct Current Measurement Characteristics in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Test-Retest Reliability at the Same Location
2.3.2. Signal-To-Noise Ratio
2.3.3. Test-Retest Reliability at the Different Time-Points/Locations
2.3.4. Correlations between Changes in HRV and DC Variables, ARSS Variables and the Previous Day’s TRIMP
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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+1REST (1) | +1EASY (2) | +1HARD (3) | p | g | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | ||||
Raw Variables | |||||||||
Aperiodic Influences (s) | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Aspirate Waves (AU) | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.24 |
DC Potential (mV) | 14.9 ± 12.4 | 8.9 ± 9.6 | 15.3 ± 13.0 | 0.01 * | 0.86 | 0.01 ** | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.56 |
HF (ms2) | 396 ± 325 | 355 ± 327 | 438.9 ± 428.7 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
LF (ms2) | 1588 ± 1675 | 1280 ± 1117 | 1185.6 ± 1100.5 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
LF/HF | 6.2 ± 7.6 | 5.5 ± 4.7 | 5.0 ± 6.4 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
MRI | 213.6 ± 73.8 | 221.7 ± 96.1 | 219.2 ± 71.2 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
PNS (s) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.95 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
RMSSD (ms) | 77.4 ± 42.9 | 72.1 ± 31.3 | 73.7 ± 34.3 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
SDNN (ms) | 98.1 ± 43.4 | 88.0 ± 34.2 | 91.3 ± 38.9 | 0.29 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.09 |
SDSD (ms) | 97.1 ± 53.6 | 90.8 ± 38.4 | 92.5 ± 43.1 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
SNS (%) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
Tension (AU) | 78.1 ± 119.5 | 87.9 ± 180.6 | 156.9 ± 477.8 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.90 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.02 |
Total Power (ms2) | 2099 ± 1823 | 1731 ± 1219 | 1758.4 ± 1236.5 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
Scale Variables | |||||||||
Overall Readiness (1–7) | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 0.84 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
Cardiac Readiness (1–7) | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.10 |
CNS Readiness (1–7) | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 0.02 * | 0.54 | 0.04 * | 0.52 | 0.12 | 0.45 |
Endurance WOT (1–4) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.90 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
Skill WOT (1–4) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.39 | 0.95 | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.16 |
Speed/Power WOT (1–4) | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.28 |
Strength WOT (1–4) | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.81 | 0.65 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
+1REST (1) | +1EASY (2) | +1HARD (3) | p | g | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | ||||
Total TRIMP (AU) | 0 ± 0 | 520 ± 244 | 890 ± 383 | 0.00 *** | 0.00 *** | 0.01 ** | 3.90 | 3.90 | 1.12 |
ARSS Recovery | |||||||||
PPC | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
MPC | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
EB | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
OR | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 0.03 * | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.87 |
ARSS Stress | |||||||||
MS | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.70 | 0.33 |
LA | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.39 |
NES | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.94 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.03 |
OS | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
+1REST | +1EASY | +1HARD | OVERALL | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw Variables | ||||||||||
%CV | ICC | %CV | ICC | %CV | ICC | %CV (95% CI) | ICC (95% CI) | sTE (95% CI) | MDC95 | |
Aperiodic Influences | 37.5 | 0.12 | 29.8 | 0.51 | 40.0 | 0.20 | 35.9 (26.2, 56.7) | 0.28 (−0.12, 0.67) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.26) | 99.4 |
Aspirate Waves | 29.6 | 0.92 | 28.9 | 0.91 | 44.0 | 0.84 | 34.7 (25.4, 54.8) | 0.89 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.36 (0.28, 0.53) | 96.1 |
DC Potential | 25.1 | 0.82 | 32.5 | 0.82 | 35.5 | 0.69 | 31.4 (23.0, 49.2) | 0.80 (0.54, 0.93) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.71) | 87.0 |
HF | 79.8 | 0.78 | 53.5 | 0.85 | 81.2 | 0.80 | 71.7 (50.7, 121) | 0.81 (0.56, 0.93) | 0.48 (0.36, 0.70) | 199 |
LF | 46.8 | 0.93 | 43.2 | 0.90 | 83.6 | 0.87 | 63.2 (45.0, 105) | 0.90 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.35 (0.27, 0.52) | 175 |
LF/HF | 89.6 | 0.82 | 67.7 | 0.78 | 88.6 | 0.77 | 82.0 (57.5, 140) | 0.80 (0.54, 0.93) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.71) | 227 |
MRI | 7.70 | 0.96 | 4.60 | 0.99 | 5.26 | 0.97 | 6.05 (4.56, 8.99) | 0.98 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.25) | 16.8 |
PNS | 17.1 | 0.89 | 16.9 | 0.86 | 25.4 | 0.81 | 20.1 (14.9, 30.8) | 0.85 (0.64, 0.95) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.62) | 55.7 |
RMSSD | 15.3 | 0.97 | 13.9 | 0.97 | 20.1 | 0.96 | 16.6 (12.4, 25.3) | 0.96 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.31) | 46.0 |
SDNN | 14.4 | 0.95 | 15.0 | 0.94 | 21.1 | 0.93 | 17.1 (12.7, 26.0) | 0.94 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.27 (0.20, 0.40) | 47.4 |
SDSD | 14.7 | 0.97 | 13.3 | 0.97 | 19.7 | 0.96 | 16.1 (12.0, 24.5) | 0.96 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.31) | 44.6 |
SNS | 12.7 | 0.86 | 7.76 | 0.93 | 12.9 | 0.85 | 11.3 (8.5, 17.0) | 0.88 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.38 (0.29, 0.56) | 31.3 |
Tension | 41.8 | 0.92 | 25.8 | 0.95 | 52.9 | 0.89 | 41.0 (29.8, 65.5) | 0.92 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.32 (0.24, 0.47) | 114 |
Total Power | 47.5 | 0.92 | 34.0 | 0.92 | 67.1 | 0.86 | 50.5 (36.4, 82.1) | 0.90 (0.74, 0.96) | 0.35 (0.27, 0.52) | 140 |
Scale Variables | ||||||||||
TE | ICC | TE | ICC | TE | ICC | TE (95% CI) | ICC (95% CI) | sTE (95% CI) | MDC95 | |
Overall Readiness (1–7) | 1.10 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 0.78 (0.59, 1.14) | 0.75 (0.46, 0.91) | 0.53 (0.40, 0.78) | 2.16 |
Cardiac Readiness (1–7) | 1.10 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.92 | 0.44 | 0.94 | 0.72 (0.55, 1.06) | 0.81 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.47 (0.35, 0.68) | 1.99 |
CNS Readiness (1–7) | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.83) | 0.72 (0.41, 0.90) | 0.56 (0.43, 0.82) | 1.58 |
Endurance WOT (1–4) | 0.75 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.74) | 0.55 (0.16, 0.82) | 0.70 (0.53, 1.02) | 1.41 |
Skill WOT (1–4) | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.46 (0.35, 0.67) | 0.71 (0.39, 0.89) | 0.57 (0.43, 0.83) | 1.27 |
Speed and Power WOT (1–4) | 1.22 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 0.96 (0.73, 1.41) | 0.46 (0.05, 0.77) | 0.76 (0.58, 1.11) | 2.67 |
Strength WOT (1–4) | 0.69 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.93 | 0.39 | 0.81 | 0.47 (0.35, 0.68) | 0.68 (0.34, 0.88) | 0.60 (0.46, 0.88) | 1.30 |
Raw Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inter-Day %CV (95% CI) | Intra-Day %CV (95% CI) | SNR | Interpretation | |
Aperiodic Influences | 36.5 (26.3, 59.2) | 35.9 (26.2, 56.7) | 1.02 | Acceptable |
Aspirate Waves | 76.9 (53.5, 135) | 34.7 (25.4, 54.8) | 2.21 * | Good |
DC Potential | 68.2 (47.8, 118) | 31.4 (23.0, 49.2) | 2.17 * | Good |
HF | 91.4 (62.9, 164) | 71.7 (50.7, 121) | 1.28 | Acceptable |
LF | 86.2 (59.5, 153) | 63.2 (45.0, 105) | 1.36 | Acceptable |
LF/HF | 116 (78.2, 216) | 82.0 (57.5, 140) | 1.41 | Acceptable |
MRI | 13.3 (9.84, 20.6) | 6.05 (4.56, 8.99) | 2.20 * | Good |
PNS | 27.3 (19.9, 43.5) | 20.1 (14.9, 30.8) | 1.36 | Acceptable |
RMSSD | 46.9 (33.5, 77.7) | 16.6 (12.4, 25.3) | 2.82 * | Good |
SDNN | 38.9 (28.0, 63.4) | 17.1 (12.7, 26.0) | 2.27 * | Good |
SDSD | 46.0 (32.9, 76.2) | 16.1 (12.0, 24.5) | 2.85 * | Good |
SNS | 16.8 (12.4, 26.1) | 11.3 (8.5, 17.0) | 1.48 | Acceptable |
Tension | 71.3 (49.8, 124) | 41.0 (29.8, 65.5) | 1.74 * | Good |
Total Power | 71.0 (49.6, 123] | 50.5 (36.4, 82.1) | 1.41 | Acceptable |
Scale Variables | ||||
Inter-day TE (95% CI) | Intra-day TE(95% CI) | SNR | Interpretation | |
Overall Readiness (1–7) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.86) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.14) | 1.60 * | Good |
Cardiac Readiness (1–7) | 1.24 (0.93, 1.85) | 0.72 (0.55, 1.06) | 1.71 * | Good |
CNS Readiness (1–7) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.34) | 0.57 (0.43, 0.83) | 1.59 * | Good |
Endurance WOT (1–4) | 0.53 (0.40, 0.80) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.74) | 1.06 | Acceptable |
Skill WOT (1–4) | 0.73 (0.55, 1.09) | 0.46 (0.35, 0.67) | 1.58 * | Good |
Speed and Power WOT (1–4) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.69) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.41) | 1.18 | Acceptable |
Strength WOT (1–4) | 0.70 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.47 (0.35, 0.68) | 1.51 * | Good |
Raw Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
%CV (95% CI) | Difference %CV | ICC (95% CI) | sTE (95% CI) | |
Aperiodic Influences | 43.2 (31.4, 69.0) | 7.4 | 0.18 (−0.13, 0.51) | 2.23 (1.70, 3.26) |
Aspirate Waves | 49.9 (36.0, 80.6) | 15.1 | 0.85 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.44 (0.34, 0.65) |
DC Potential | 129 (87.6, 235) | 97.2 | −0.06 (−0.29, 0.27] | >4.0 |
HF | 93.7 (63.3, 163) | 22.0 | 0.79 (0.56, 0.91) | 0.55 (0.42, 0.80) |
LF | 105 (72.3, 184) | 41.3 | 0.80 (0.57, 0.91) | 0.53 (0.40, 0.78) |
LF/HF | 79.6 (56.1, 135) | −2.4 | 0.84 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.46 (0.35, 0.67) |
MRI | 67.8 (48.3, 113) | 61.8 | 0.32 (−0.02, 0.63) | 1.51 (1.15, 2.21) |
PNS | 21.3 (15.8, 32.6) | 1.2 | 0.82 (0.62, 0.92) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.71) |
RMSSD | 27.4 (20.2, 42.4) | 10.8 | 0.91 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.34 (0.26, 0.49) |
SDNN | 26.9 (19.8, 41.6) | 9.8 | 0.81 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.50 (0.38, 0.74) |
SDSD | 25.5 (18.9, 39.4) | 9.4 | 0.92 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.31 (0.23, 0.45) |
SNS | 13.9 (10.4, 21.0) | 2.6 | 0.80 (0.58, 0.91) | 0.52 (0.40, 0.76) |
Tension | 51.0 (36.8, 82.5) | 10.0 | 0.87 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.61) |
Total Power | 87.8 (61.5, 151) | 37.2 | 0.80 (0.58, 0.91) | 0.53 (0.40, 0.77) |
Scale Variables | ||||
TE (95% CI) | Difference TE | ICC (95% CI) | sTE (95% CI) | |
Overall Readiness (1–7) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.38) | 0.16 | 0.73 (0.56, 0.92) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.94) |
Cardiac Readiness (1–7) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.17] | 0.08 | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.71) |
CNS Readiness (1–7) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.61] | 0.54 | −0.12 (−0.58, 0.26) | >4.0 |
Endurance WOT (1–4) | 0.35 (0.26, 0.51) | −0.16 | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.81) |
Skill WOT (1–4) | 0.74 (0.56, 1.08) | 0.28 | 0.32 (−0.03, 0.72) | 1.52 (1.16, 2.22) |
Speed and Power WOT (1–4) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.43) | 0.02 | 0.37 (0.04, 0.75) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.98) |
Strength WOT (1–4) | 0.57 (0.44, 0.84) | 0.11 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.88) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.17) |
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Coyne, J.O.C.; Coutts, A.J.; Fomin, R.; French, D.N.; Newton, R.U.; Haff, G.G. Heart Rate Variability and Direct Current Measurement Characteristics in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. Sports 2020, 8, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8080109
Coyne JOC, Coutts AJ, Fomin R, French DN, Newton RU, Haff GG. Heart Rate Variability and Direct Current Measurement Characteristics in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. Sports. 2020; 8(8):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8080109
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoyne, Joseph O. C., Aaron J. Coutts, Roman Fomin, Duncan N. French, Robert U. Newton, and G. Gregory Haff. 2020. "Heart Rate Variability and Direct Current Measurement Characteristics in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes" Sports 8, no. 8: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8080109