Comparative Study of Two Intervention Programmes for Teaching Soccer to School-Age Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Variables
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
DIS | ||||||||||||
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | |
Feedback | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive | Descriptive/Prescriptive |
Presentation | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical | Analytical -Global | Analytical -Global | Global | Global |
Space | Static activ. Small | Small Medium Large | Static activ. Medium Small | Small Medium | Static activ. Small | Small Medium | Small | Small | Small | Small | Small Medium | Small Medium |
Situation | 2 × 0, 3 × 0 | 1 × 0 | 1 × 0, 2 × 0, 3 × 0 | 1 × 0 | 1 × 0, 1 × 1, 1 × Large Group | 1 × 0 | 1 × 0, 2 × 0 | 1 × 0, 1 × 1 | 1 × 1, 2 × 1 | 1 × 0, 1 × 1, 2 × 1 | 1 × 1, 2 × 1, 2 × 2, N × N | 1 × 1, 2 × 1, 2 × 2, 5 × 5 |
Means | Simple practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Complex practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Complex practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Complex practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Simple specific game | Simple practical exercise Complex practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Complex practical exercise | Simple practical exercise Simple specific game | Simple specific game | Simple practical exercise Simple specific game | Simple non-specific game Simple specific game | Simple specific game Adapted sport/SSG. |
Game principles | Protect Progress | Protect Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress Reach goal | Progress Reach goal | Progress Reach goal | Recover | Recover Hinder progress | Recover Hinder progress | Reach goal Protect goal | Reach goal Protect goal |
Specific content | Pass-control | Ball control: progression and protection | Progression with support of team mates | Dribbling on the run | Progression to goal to shoot | Dribbling past opponent to try to shoot | Review of attack contents | Interception: passes between opponents | Interception: passes between opponents/shot /entry | Review of defence contents | Situations played: attack and defence | Situations played: attack and defence |
Phase | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Defence | Defence | Mixed | Mixed |
TGAS | ||||||||||||
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | |
Phase | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Attack | Defence | Defence | Defence | Mixed | Mixed |
Specific content | Pass-control | Ball control: progression and protection | Progression with support of team mates | Dribbling on the run | Progression to goal to shoot | Dribbling past opponent to try to shoot | Review of attack contents | Interception: passes between opponents | Interception: passes between opponents shot/entry | Review of defence contents | Situations played: attack and defence | Situations played: attack and defence |
Game principles | Protect Progress | Protect Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress Reach goal | Progress Reach goal | Progress Reach goal | Recover | Recover Hinder progress | Recover Hinder progress | Reach goal Protect goal | Reach goal Protect goal |
Means | Complex specific game | Simple non-specific game Simple specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game | Simple non-specific game Simple specific game | Simple specific game | Simple specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game | Simple specific game Complex specific game Adapted sport/SSG. | Simple specific game Complex specific game Adapted sport/SSG. |
Situation | 5 × 1, 5 × 4 | 1 × 1, 1 × Large Group | 1 × GG, 5 × 4, N × N, Combin. | 1 × 1 | 1 × 1 | 1 × 1 | 2 × 1, 3 × 2, 5 × 4 | 2 × 1, 3 × 1, 3 × 2, 4 × 2 | 1 × 1, 3 × 2, 4 × 2 | 1 × 1, 3 × 1, 3 × 2 | 2 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 2, 4 × 4 | 2 × 2, 3 × 2, 4 × 4, 5 × 5 |
Space | Static activ. Medium | Medium | Medium Large | Small Medium | Small Medium | Small Medium | Small Medium | Small | Small | Small | SmallMedium | SmallMedium |
Presentation | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global |
Feedback | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative |
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Pedagogical Variables | Description |
GS | Groups of players that the teachers and coaches design for each of the tasks (e.g. 2 × 1; 2 being the number of attackers and 1 the number of defenders). |
POG | Presence of goalkeeper in the task. |
GP | Game phase on which the task objective is mainly focused. |
CONT-G | The contents (attack and defence) are grouped in individual, group and team contents, as well as tactical behaviours and technical moves. |
CONT-S | Specific contents for each sports discipline. |
TM | Sports motor activities that serve to develop technical and tactical contents. |
LO | Level of opposition in the task design. |
eTL Variables | Description |
DO | Degree of opposition based on the number of opponents in the task. |
DT | Indicates subjectively the intensity with which the task is developed. |
PSP | Indicates the level of participation of the players during the task. |
CL | Refers to the emotional and psychological load that the players bear when they have to carry out a task under pressure to achieve a result. |
GS | The space in which the players have to carry out the proposed tasks. |
CI | Refers to the tactical load, i.e. the attention that the player has to give to team mates and opponents. |
eTL task load | Obtained by adding the value assigned to each of the six eTL variables (1 to 5 points). GO + DT + PES + CC + EJ + IC=quantification of eTL. |
eTL × Time | Calculated by multiplying eTL by the useful time that the players have been practising measured in seconds. |
DIS | |||||||||||
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 |
DI10 | DI8 | DI10 | DI12 | DI15 | DI16 | DI19 | DI24 | DI26 | DI26 | DI28 | DI29 |
DI3 | DI7 | DI9 | DI11 | DI14 | DI15 | DI18 | DI23 | DI25 | DI25 | DI27 | DI28 |
DI2 | DI6 | DI8 | DI8 | DI13 | DI12 | DI17 | DI22 | DI24 | DI23 | DI20 | DI27 |
DI1 | DI5 | DI2 | DI5 | DI5 | DI11 | DI16 | DI21 | DI21 | DI22 | DI4 | DI20 |
TGAS | |||||||||||
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 |
TG1 | TG5 | TG2 | TG6 | TG6 | TG11 | TG4 | TG21 | TG23 | TG22 | TG19 | TG20 |
TG2 | TG6 | TG8 | TG7 | TG13 | TG12 | TG17 | TG22 | TG24 | TG23 | TG20 | TG27 |
TG3 | TG7 | TG9 | TG11 | TG14 | TG13 | TG18 | TG23 | TG25 | TG25 | TG27 | TG28 |
TG4 | TG8 | TG10 | TG12 | TG15 | TG16 | TG19 | TG24 | TG26 | TG26 | TG28 | TG29 |
Variable | Category | DIS | TGAS | ||||||
n | % | ASR | n | % | ASR | ||||
GS | 0 vs. 1 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | ||
1 vs. 0 | 8 | 27.6 | 3.0 | * | 0 | 0 | −3.0 | * | |
1 vs. 1 | 6 | 20.7 | −1.2 | 10 | 34.5 | 1.2 | |||
2 vs. 0 | 7 | 24.1 | 2.8 | * | 0 | 0 | −2.8 | * | |
2 vs. 1 | 2 | 6.9 | −0.5 | 3 | 10.3 | 0.5 | |||
2 vs. 2 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
3 vs. 0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | |||
3 vs. 1 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
3 vs. 2 | 0 | 0 | −1.8 | 3 | 10.3 | 1.8 | |||
4 vs. 2 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
4 vs. 4 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
5 vs. 1 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
5 vs. 4 | 0 | 0 | −1.8 | 3 | 10.3 | 1.8 | |||
5 vs. 5 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
N vs. N | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
1 vs. Large group | 1 | 3.4 | −0.6 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.6 | |||
Combined situation | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
POG | With goalkeeper | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | ||
Without goalkeeper | 28 | 96.6 | −1.0 | 29 | 100 | 1.0 | |||
GP | Attack | 19 | 65.5 | 0.0 | 19 | 65.5 | 0.0 | ||
Defence | 6 | 20.7 | 0.0 | 6 | 20.7 | 0.0 | |||
Mixed | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | |||
CONT-G | AITTB | 1 | 3.4 | −3.2 | * | 11 | 37.9 | 3.2 | * |
DITTB | 0 | 0 | −2.1 | * | 4 | 13.8 | 2.1 | * | |
AITTM | 10 | 34.5 | 3.5 | * | 0 | 0 | −3.5 | * | |
DITTM | 6 | 20.7 | 2.6 | * | 0 | 0 | −2.6 | * | |
AGTTB | 3 | 10.3 | −1.4 | 7 | 24.1 | 1.4 | |||
DGTTB | 0 | 0 | −1.4 | 2 | 6.9 | 1.4 | |||
AGTTM | 8 | 27.6 | 3.0 | * | 0 | 0 | −3.0 | * | |
ATTTB | 1 | 3.4 | −1.7 | 5 | 17.2 | 1.7 | |||
CONT-G 2 1 | CTTID | 2 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | −1.6 | ||
CTTGD | 1 | 3.4 | −1.4 | 3 | 10.3 | 1.4 | |||
CTTED | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
CONT-S | Pass-control | 5 | 17.2 | 0.4 | 4 | 13.8 | −0.4 | ||
Ball control: progression | 2 | 6.9 | −0.5 | 3 | 10.3 | 0.5 | |||
Ball control: protection | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | |||
Progression with support | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
Shot at goal | 2 | 6.9 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | −1.4 | |||
Progression to shoot at goal | 1 | 3.4 | −1.0 | 3 | 10.3 | 1.0 | |||
Progression through passes to score at goal | 3 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 3 | 10.3 | 0.0 | |||
Dribbling on the run | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | |||
Dribbling past opponent to shoot | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
Interception: Shot at goal or approach | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.0 | |||
Interception: passes between opponents | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | |||
Situations played: attack and defence | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 4 | 13.8 | 0.0 | |||
TM | SPE | 12 | 41.4 | 3.9 | * | 0 | 0 | −3.9 | * |
CPE | 5 | 17.2 | 2.3 | * | 0 | 0 | −2.3 | * | |
SNSG | 1 | 3.4 | −0.6 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.6 | |||
SSG | 10 | 34.5 | −1.6 | 16 | 55.2 | 1.6 | |||
CSG | 0 | 0 | −3.5 | * | 10 | 34.5 | 3.5 | * | |
Adapted sport/SSG | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
LO | Without opposition | 10 | 34.5 | 3.0 | * | 1 | 3.4 | −3.0 | * |
Static obstacles | 7 | 24.1 | 2.8 | * | 0 | 0 | −2.8 | * | |
Dynamic obstacles | 2 | 6.9 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | −1.4 | |||
With opposition | 10 | 34.5 | −5.0 | * | 28 | 96.6 | 5.0 | * |
Variable | Category | DIS | TGAS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | ASR | n | % | ASR | ||||
DO | Without opposition | 18 | 62.1 | 5.1 | * | 0 | 0 | −5.1 | * |
Numerical superiority of 3 or + students | 1 | 3.4 | −1.0 | 3 | 10.3 | 1.0 | |||
Numerical superiority of 2 students | 0 | 0 | −1.4 | 2 | 6.9 | 1.4 | |||
Numerical superiority of 1 student | 2 | 6.9 | −2.3 | * | 9 | 31.0 | 2.3 | * | |
Numerical equality | 8 | 27.6 | −1.9 | 15 | 51.7 | 1.9 | |||
DT | Walking | 5 | 17.2 | 2.3 | * | 0 | 0 | −2.3 | * |
Gentle pace | 13 | 44.8 | 4.1 | * | 0 | 0 | −4.1 | * | |
Intensity with rest | 8 | 27.6 | −1.9 | 15 | 51.7 | 1.9 | |||
Intensity without rest | 2 | 6.9 | −3.1 | * | 12 | 41.4 | 3.1 | * | |
High intensity without rest | 1 | 3.4 | −0.6 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.6 | |||
PSP | <20% | 10 | 34.5 | 1.5 | 5 | 17.2 | −1.5 | ||
21–40% | 4 | 13.8 | −0.4 | 5 | 17.2 | 0.4 | |||
41–60% | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
61–80% | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | |||
>81% | 15 | 51.7 | −0.8 | 18 | 62.1 | 0.8 | |||
CL | Activity in technical moves | 19 | 65.5 | 5.3 | * | 0 | 0 | −5.3 | * |
Opposition not counted | 9 | 31.0 | −3.2 | * | 21 | 72.4 | 3.2 | * | |
Opposition counted | 0 | 0 | −2.8 | * | 7 | 24.1 | 2.8 | * | |
Matches of all kinds | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |||
GS | Static activity | 5 | 17.2 | 1.7 | 1 | 3.4 | −1.7 | ||
Small spaces | 16 | 55.2 | 0.0 | 16 | 55.2 | 0.0 | |||
Medium spaces | 7 | 24.1 | −1.1 | 11 | 37.9 | 1.1 | |||
Large spaces | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | |||
Repetition of spaces | 0 | 0 | −1.0 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | |||
CI | Individual intervention | 10 | 34.5 | 3.5 | * | 0 | 0 | −3.5 | * |
Intervention of 2 students | 16 | 55.2 | 0.0 | 16 | 55.2 | 0.0 | |||
Intervention of 3 students | 1 | 3.4 | −1.7 | 5 | 17.2 | 1.7 | |||
Intervention of 4 students | 0 | 0 | −1.4 | 2 | 6.9 | 1.4 | |||
Intervention of all the students | 2 | 6.9 | −1.5 | 6 | 20.7 | 1.5 |
Variable | IP | M ± DT | min | max |
---|---|---|---|---|
eTL | DIS | 14.34 ± 5.01 | 8 | 28 |
TGAS | 20.21 ± 3.72 | 16 | 28 | |
eTL × Time | DIS | 6885.52 ± 2404.37 | 3840.00 | 13,440.00 |
TGAS | 9699.31 ± 1783.95 | 7680.00 | 13,440.00 |
Variable | IP | M ± DT | x2 | gl | p | VC | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GS | DIS | 27.25 ± 19.15 | 29.533 | 16 | 0.021 | * | 0.714 | 0.021 | * |
TGAS | 38.25 ± 14.34 | ||||||||
POG1 | DIS | 1.96 ± 1.86 | 1.018 | 1 | 0.313 | 0.132 | 0.313 | ||
TGAS | 2.00 ± 0.00 | ||||||||
GP | DIS | 1.48 ± 0.74 | 0.000 | 2 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||
TGAS | 1.48 ± 0.74 | ||||||||
CONT-G | DIS | 5.00 ± 3.27 | 42.600 | 7 | 0.000 | * | 0.857 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 6.00 ± 2.00 | ||||||||
CONT-G 22 | DIS | 5.00 ± 3.83 | 3.000 | 2 | 0.223 | 0.612 | 0.223 | ||
TGAS | 7.00 ± 2.00 | ||||||||
CONT-S3 | DIS | - | 5.311 | 13 | 0.968 | 0.303 | 0.968 | ||
TGAS | - | ||||||||
TM | DIS | 4.75 ± 1.50 | 28.718 | 5 | 0.000 | * | 0.704 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 5.75 ± 1.26 | ||||||||
LO | DIS | 2.76 ± 1.74 | 24.890 | 3 | 0.000 | * | 0.655 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 4.86 ± 0.74 |
Variable | IP | M ± DT | U | p | d | VC | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO | DIS | 2.34 ± 1.84 | 192.500 | 0.000 | * | 1.052 | 0.690 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 4.24 ± 0.99 | ||||||||
DT | DIS | 2.34 ± 0.97 | 130.000 | 0.000 | * | 1.474 | 0.690 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 3.55 ± 0.63 | ||||||||
PSP | DIS | 3.21 ± 1.92 | 355.000 | 0.253 | 0.270 | 0.229 | 0.384 | ||
TGAS | 3.72 ± 1.71 | ||||||||
CL | DIS | 2.41 ± 0.68 | 123.000 | 0.000 | * | 1.530 | 0.729 | 0.000 | * |
TGAS | 3.31 ± 0.54 | ||||||||
GS | DIS | 2.14 ± 0.74 | 332.000 | 0.124 | 0.367 | 0.309 | 0.235 | ||
TGAS | 2.45 ± 0.74 | ||||||||
CI | DIS | 1.90 ± 1.01 | 198.500 | 0.000 | * | 1.017 | 0.536 | 0.002 | * |
TGAS | 2.93 ± 1.22 | ||||||||
eTL | DIS | 14.34 ± 5.01 | 145.500 | 0.000 | * | 1.357 | 0.793 | 0.004 | * |
TGAS | 20.21 ± 3.72 | ||||||||
eTL × Time | DIS | 6885.52 ± 2404.37 | 145.500 | 0.000 | * | 1.357 | 0.793 | 0.004 | * |
TGAS | 9699.31 ± 1783.95 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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García-Ceberino, J.M.; Feu, S.; Ibáñez, S.J. Comparative Study of Two Intervention Programmes for Teaching Soccer to School-Age Students. Sports 2019, 7, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030074
García-Ceberino JM, Feu S, Ibáñez SJ. Comparative Study of Two Intervention Programmes for Teaching Soccer to School-Age Students. Sports. 2019; 7(3):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030074
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Ceberino, Juan M., Sebastián Feu, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. 2019. "Comparative Study of Two Intervention Programmes for Teaching Soccer to School-Age Students" Sports 7, no. 3: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030074