Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 298) | No Impaired Mental Health (n = 278) | Impaired Mental Health (n = 20) | p * | Odds Ratio (CI 95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Male | 223 (75.1) | 208 (93.3%) | 15 (6.7%) | 1 | |
Female | 74 (24.9) | 70 (94.6%) | 4 (5.4%) | 0.781 | 0.79 (0.26–2.47) |
Age (years) | |||||
<=45 | 28 (9.4) | 20 (71.4%) | 8 (28.6%) | 1 | |
46–60 | 119 (39.9) | 113 (95.0%) | 6 (5.0%) | <0.001 * | 0.13 (0.04–0.42) |
>60 | 151 (50.7) | 145 (96.0%) | 6 (4.0%) | <0.001 * | 0.10 (0.03–0.33) |
Active in job market | |||||
Yes | 167 (56.0) | 156 (93.4%) | 11 (6.6%) | 0.923 | 0.96 (0.38–2.38) |
No | 131 (44.0) | 122 (93.1%) | 9 (6.9%) | 1 | |
Marital status | |||||
Married/with partner | 237 (79.5) | 226 (95.4%) | 11 (4.6%) | 0.009 * | 0.28 (0.11–0.72) |
Other | 61 (20.5) | 52 (85.2%) | 9 (14.8%) | 1 | |
Competitive level | |||||
Elite/Sub-elite | 16 (5.4) | 14 (87.5%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 | |
Recreational | 282 (94.6) | 264 (93.6%) | 18 (6.4%) | 0.292 | 0.48 (0.10–2.26) |
Time playing experience | |||||
<4 years | 39 (13.1) | 34 (87.2%) | 5 (12.8%) | 1 | |
≥4 years | 259 (86.9) | 244 (94.2%) | 15 (5.8%) | 0.158 | 0.42 (0.14–1.22) |
Frequency | |||||
<4 days/week | 263 (88.3) | 244 (92.8%) | 19 (7.2%) | 1 | |
≥4 days week | 35 (11.7) | 34 (97.1%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.487 | 0.38 (0.05–2.91) |
Playing time | |||||
<4 h | 164 (45.0) | 153 (93.3%) | 11 (6.7%) | 1.000 | 1.00 (0.40–2.49) |
≥4 h | 134 (45.0) | 125 (93.3%) | 9 (6.7%) | 1 | |
Time played last month | |||||
0–3 days | 95 (31.9) | 89 (93.7%) | 6 (6.3%) | 0.349 | 0.61 (0.21–1.74) |
4–8 days | 100 (33.6) | 90 (90.0%) | 10 (10.0%) | 1 | |
≥9 days | 103 (34.6) | 99 (96.1%) | 4 (3.9%) | 0.525 | 0.36 (0.11–1.20) |
Swing practice/course play | |||||
Course+swing practice | 200 (67.1) | 186 (93.0%) | 14 (7.0%) | 1 | |
Only course/only swing | 98 (32.9) | 92 (93.9%) | 6 (6.1%) | 0.776 | 0.87 (0.32–2.33) |
Time of Play | |||||
Morning | 153 (51.3) | 148 (96.7%) | 5 (3.3%) | 0.015 * | 0.29 (0.104–0.83) |
Other | 145 (48.7) | 130 (89.7%) | 15 (10.3%) | 1 | |
Accompanied | |||||
Individual | 48 (16.1) | 43 (89.6%) | 5 (10.4%) | 1 | |
Group | 250 (83.9) | 235 (94.0%) | 15 (6.0%) | 0.339 | 0.55 (0.19–1.59) |
Modality | |||||
18-hole course | 238 (79.9) | 225 (94.5%) | 13 (5.5%) | 0.143 | 0.44 (0.17–1.15) |
Other | 60 (20.1) | 53 (88.3%) | 7 (11.7%) | 1 | |
Other sports (weekly) | |||||
Yes | 201 (67.4) | 187 (93.0%) | 14 (7.0%) | 1 | |
No | 97 (32.6) | 91 (93.8%) | 6 (6.2%) | 0.801 | 0.88 (0.33–2.37) |
Classification of other sports | |||||
No other sport | 97 (32.6) | 91 (93.8%) | 6 (6.2%) | 0.543 | 0.72 (0.25–2.10) |
Aerobic | 107 (35.9) | 98 (91.6%) | 9 (8.4%) | 0.711 | 1 |
Anaerobic | 5 (1.7) | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | - | NE |
Mixed | 89 (29.9) | 84 (94.4%) | 5 (5.6%) | 0.450 | 0.65 (0.21–2.01) |
Frequency of other sports | 0.476 0.643 | ||||
<2 days week | 100 (49.8) | 94 (94.0%) | 6 (6.0%) | 0.612 | 0.54 (0.10–2.92) |
2–4 days/week | 82 (40.8) | 76 (92.7%) | 6 (7.3%) | 0.643 | 0.67 (0.13–3.62) |
>4 days week | 19 (9.5) | 17 (89.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | 1 |
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Martín-Escudero, P.; Fuentes-Ferrer, M.; Peinado Miguel, F.; Jiménez-Herranz, E. Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain. Sports 2025, 13, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030080
Martín-Escudero P, Fuentes-Ferrer M, Peinado Miguel F, Jiménez-Herranz E. Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain. Sports. 2025; 13(3):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030080
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Escudero, P., M. Fuentes-Ferrer, F. Peinado Miguel, and E. Jiménez-Herranz. 2025. "Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain" Sports 13, no. 3: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030080
APA StyleMartín-Escudero, P., Fuentes-Ferrer, M., Peinado Miguel, F., & Jiménez-Herranz, E. (2025). Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain. Sports, 13(3), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030080