Does Relative Age Influence Organized Sport and Unorganized Physical Activity Participation in a Cohort of Adolescents?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents and Data Collection
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Organized Sport
3.2. Unorganized Physical Activity
3.3. Non-Participation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Physical Activities | Recognized Sport in New Brunswick | Sports Using 31 December for Age Groupings 1 | Unorganized Activities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Team | Individual | In Any Context | Certain Contexts 2 | ||
Street hockey, floor hockey | X | ||||
Ice hockey | X | X | X | ||
Ringette | X | X | X | ||
Ice skating (not for hockey or ringette) | X | X | |||
In-line skating | X | ||||
Skateboarding or scooter | X | ||||
Bicycling | X | X | X | ||
Walking for exercise | X | ||||
Track and field | X | X | X | ||
Jogging or running | X | X | X | ||
Golfing | X | X | |||
Swimming | X | X | |||
Gymnastics | X | X | |||
Aerobics, yoga, exercise class | X | ||||
Home exercise (push-ups, sits-ups) | X | ||||
Baseball or softball | X | X | X | ||
Weight training | X | X | |||
Basketball | X | X | X | ||
Football | X | X | |||
Soccer | X | X | X | ||
Volleyball | X | X | X | ||
Badminton | X | X | X | ||
Tennis | X | X | X | ||
Kayak, canoe | X | X | |||
Dance | X | ||||
Trampoline | X | ||||
Skipping rope | X | ||||
Handball or mini handball | X | X | X | ||
Ball playing (dodge ball, kickball, catch) | X | ||||
Games (chase, tag, hide and seek) | X | ||||
Downhill skiing or snowboarding | X | X | X | ||
Boxing, wrestling | X | X | |||
Karate, judo, tai chi, taekwondo | X | X | |||
Cross-country skiing | X | X | X |
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Context 1 | Girls (n = 511, 55%) | Boy (n = 418, 45%) | Total (n = 929) |
---|---|---|---|
Organized sport 2 | 37.2% | 45.8% | 41.9% |
Team sport | 31.8% | 40.1% | 35.6% |
Individual sport | 11.3% | 13.6% | 12.3% |
Unorganized PA | 79.0% | 82.6% | 80.6% |
Non-participant | 14.3% | 12.0% | 13.3% |
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
(a) Organized Sport (Overall) | |||
Relative age (Q1 vs. Q4) 2 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.08 |
Relative age (Q2 vs. Q4) | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 |
Relative age (Q3 vs. Q4) | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.99 |
Gender (Girl vs. Boy) | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.06 |
Chronological age | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.00 |
(b) Organized Sport (Team) | |||
Relative age (Q1 vs. Q4) | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.13 |
Relative age (Q2 vs. Q4) | 1.06 | 1.01 | 1.12 |
Relative age (Q3 vs. Q4) | 0.95 | 0.90 | 1.01 |
Gender (Girl vs. Boy) | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.05 |
Chronological age | 0.97 * | 0.94 | 0.99 |
(c) Organized Sport (Individual) | |||
Relative age (Q1 vs. Q4) | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.07 |
Relative age (Q2 vs. Q4) | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 |
Relative age (Q3 vs. Q4) | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.01 |
Gender (Girl vs. Boy) | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.04 |
Chronological age | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 |
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
Relative age (Q1 vs. Q4) 2 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.05 |
Relative age (Q2 vs. Q4) | 1.04 * | 1.01 | 1.08 |
Relative age (Q3 vs. Q4) | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 |
Gender (Girl vs. Boy) | 0.97 * | 0.95 | 0.99 |
Chronological age | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 |
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
Relative age (Q1 vs. Q4) 2 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 |
Relative age (Q2 vs. Q4) | 0.95 * | 0.93 | 0.98 |
Relative age (Q3 vs. Q4) | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 |
Gender (Girl vs. Boy) | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 |
Chronological age | 1.02 * | 1.00 | 1.03 |
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Smith, K.L.; Bélanger, M.; Chittle, L.; Dixon, J.C.; Horton, S.; Weir, P.L. Does Relative Age Influence Organized Sport and Unorganized Physical Activity Participation in a Cohort of Adolescents? Sports 2022, 10, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070097
Smith KL, Bélanger M, Chittle L, Dixon JC, Horton S, Weir PL. Does Relative Age Influence Organized Sport and Unorganized Physical Activity Participation in a Cohort of Adolescents? Sports. 2022; 10(7):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070097
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Kristy L., Mathieu Bélanger, Laura Chittle, Jess C. Dixon, Sean Horton, and Patricia L. Weir. 2022. "Does Relative Age Influence Organized Sport and Unorganized Physical Activity Participation in a Cohort of Adolescents?" Sports 10, no. 7: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070097
APA StyleSmith, K. L., Bélanger, M., Chittle, L., Dixon, J. C., Horton, S., & Weir, P. L. (2022). Does Relative Age Influence Organized Sport and Unorganized Physical Activity Participation in a Cohort of Adolescents? Sports, 10(7), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070097