The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Subsections Relevant for the Subject
3.1. Depression
3.2. Homeostasis
3.2.1. Allostasis and Stress Response
3.2.2. Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism and Major Depressive Disorder
3.3. Athletes
3.3.1. Athletes and the Stigma of Mental Illness
3.3.2. More Psychological Risk Factors
3.3.3. Brain-Derived Chemical Risk Factors
3.4. Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Nonfunctional Overreaching (NFOR)
3.4.1. OTS and Cortisol Levels
3.4.2. OTS and Depression
4. Concluding Remarks
4.1. Altered Biological Standards Resulting from Allostatic Load
4.2. Hormone-Regulated Symptomatic Difference (Neurotransmitter Balance)
4.3. Well-Being of Athletes
4.4. Diagnosis
4.5. Answer to the Research Question
4.6. Limitations of the Study and Recommendations for Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mental Health Disorders | Elite Athletes vs. Non-Athletes |
---|---|
Anxiety | [13,14,15,16,17,18,19] |
Bipolar disorder | [20,21,22,23,24] |
Depression | [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] |
Eating Disorders | [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
Loneliness | [49,50,51,52] |
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders | [53,54,55] |
Self-esteem | [17,56,57,58,59] |
Self-harm | [60,61,62] |
Sleep Problems | [63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
Stress | [70,75,76,77,78] |
Suicidal feelings | [11,79,80,81,82,83] |
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Forys, W.J.; Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression. Sports 2022, 10, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070105
Forys WJ, Tokuhama-Espinosa T. The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression. Sports. 2022; 10(7):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070105
Chicago/Turabian StyleForys, Weronika Jasmina, and Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa. 2022. "The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression" Sports 10, no. 7: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070105