Different Population Phenologies of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in Two Hosts and Two Nearby Regions in the NE of Spain
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (a)
- to define the population dynamics of G. molesta in the Girona province where apple is the predominant fruit crop, as well as in the Lleida province where peach is the main fruit crop;
- (b)
- to determine the number of generations of G. molesta per year in each province;
- (c)
- to test the accuracy of the Croft et al. [18] phenology model for both provinces, including the development delay in apples reported by Myers et al. [33] and Yang et al. [34], with the final goal to know if the most used model in the study areas is useful or not for decision making in different crops and/or areas in which G. molesta is a problem.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. G. molesta Monitoring System
2.3. Weather Recordings, G. molesta Phenology Model Fit and Degree Days Calculation
2.4. Determination of the Beginning and the End of Each Generation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Dynamics
3.2. Phenology Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Bioclimate | Bioclimate Belt | Weather Data | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Subtype | Thermotype | Ombrotype | Station Location | Min. Diapause Temp. | Max. Diapause Temp. | Min. Devel. Temp. | Max. Devel. Temp. | Yearly Rainfall | |
Alt Empordà, (Girona) | Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic | meso-Mediterranean | subhumid | 507995X 4669451Y (31T) | 4.80 | 16.85 | 12.38 | 24.49 | 546.98 | |
Baix Empordà (Girona) | Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic | meso-Mediterranean | subhumid | 505127X 4655771Y (31T) | 4.51 | 16.84 | 12.48 | 25.28 | 541.84 | |
Stone area, (Lleida) | Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic | steppic | meso-Mediterranean | dry | 288002X 4595926Y (31T) | 3.30 | 15.47 | 11.41 | 28.09 | 315.46 |
Mixed area, (Lleida) | Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic | step-pic | meso-Mediterranean | dry | 306325X 4625793Y (31T) | 3.47 | 13.77 | 11.85 | 26.52 | 382.68 |
Pome area, (Lleida) | Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic | meso-Mediterranean | dry | 323310X 4615624Y (31T) | 2.37 | 13.96 | 10.95 | 26.68 | 350.36 |
Province | Area | Number of Traps | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
Girona | AE | 104 | 109 | 111 | 15 | 40 |
BE | 167 | 78 | 53 | 23 | 25 | |
Lleida | ST | 17 | 37 | 13 | 52 | 30 |
MI | 47 | 32 | 25 | 13 | 23 | |
PO | 32 | 52 | 14 | 21 | 16 |
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Amat, C.; Bosch-Serra, D.; Avilla, J.; Escudero Colomar, L.A. Different Population Phenologies of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in Two Hosts and Two Nearby Regions in the NE of Spain. Insects 2021, 12, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070612
Amat C, Bosch-Serra D, Avilla J, Escudero Colomar LA. Different Population Phenologies of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in Two Hosts and Two Nearby Regions in the NE of Spain. Insects. 2021; 12(7):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070612
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmat, Carles, Dolors Bosch-Serra, Jesús Avilla, and Lucía Adriana Escudero Colomar. 2021. "Different Population Phenologies of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in Two Hosts and Two Nearby Regions in the NE of Spain" Insects 12, no. 7: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070612