Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Acaricide against Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Colony
2.2. Preparation of the Plant Material and the Extract
2.3. Phytochemical Extract Analysis
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Oligonychus punicae Mortality Essay
2.6. Oligonychus punicae Oviposition and Hatched Eggs Essay
2.7. Oligonychus punicae Anti-Feeding
2.8. Oligonychus punicae Growth Population
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical
3.2. Acaricidal Effect of M. oleifera Extract on Oligonychus punicae
3.2.1. Mortality
3.2.2. Oviposition
3.2.3. Eggs Viability
3.2.4. Food Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioactive Compound | Test | Bioactive Compound | Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaloids | + | Dragendorff’s | Flavonoids | + | Shinoda for flavanone’s |
Sonheschain’s | NaOH at 1% for flavanone’s or Xanthone | ||||
Tannins | + | FeCl3 for gallic acid | Quinones | + | NH4OH for Anthraquinone |
Ferrocyanide for phenols | H2SO4 for Anthraquinone | ||||
Carbohydrates | + | Molisch’s | Bröntraguer’s for benzoquinone | ||
Carotenoids | + | H2SO4 and FeCl3 reagents | Soluble starch | + | KOH and H2SO4 |
Sugar reducers | + | Fehling’s | Coumarins | + | Erlich’s |
Benedict’s | Cyanogenic glycosides | + | Grignard’s | ||
Saponins | + | Bouchard for steroidal saponins | Terpenoids | − | Ac2O |
− | Foam | Purines | − | HCl | |
− | Rosenthaler | Phenols | + | FeCl3 |
Concentration (%) | Average Mortality (±SE) Percentage * | ||
---|---|---|---|
24 ** | 48 ** | 72 ** | |
0.1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 3.33 ± 3.33 d | 10.37 ± 0.37 d |
0.5 | 3.33 ± 0.33 d | 10.00 ± 0.00 c | 17.04 ± 2.96 d |
1 | 10.00 ± 0.00 d | 16.67 ± 0.33 c | 20.37 ± 5.46 cd |
5 | 16.67 ± 3.33 d | 23.33 ± 0.33 c | 31.11 ± 1.11 c |
10 | 36.67 ± 3.33 c | 63.33 ± 0.33 b | 72.59 ± 8.12 b |
15 | 53.33 ± 3.33 b | 76.67 ± 0.33 ab | 89.63 ± 0.37 a |
20 | 70.00 ± 5.77 a | 83.33 ± 0.33 a | 96.67 ± 3.33 a |
LC50(CI95) | LC90(CI95) | b ± EE | χ2 |
7.99 | 15.68 | 7.50 ± 0.94 | 63.50 *** |
(6.87–8.95) | (13.86–18.63) |
Concentration %(v/v) | Average Number of Eggs ± SE | OAP (%) | Average Number of Eggs ± SE | OAP (%) | Average Number of Eggs ± SE | OAP (%) | Growth Rate ± SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h * | 48 h | 72 h | |||||
Control | 61.33 ± 1.533 a | 93.33 ± 3.51 a | 109.67 ± 1.53 a | 0.8267 ± 0.00 a | |||
0.1 | 58.33 ± 3.06 a | −2.54 ± 2.27 | 88.00 ± 1.00 b | −2.92 ± 1.31 | 102.00 ± 2.65 b | −3.63 ± 1.98 | 0.8000 ± 0.01 b |
0.5 | 47.00 ± 1.00 b | −13.23 ± 0.97 | 72.67 ± 2.52 c | −12.45 ± 0.37 | 81.67 ± 1.53 c | −14.64 ± 1.07 | 0.7300 ± 0.01 c |
1 | 30.00 ± 1.00 c | −34.31 ± 1.14 | 37.67 ± 1.53 d | −42.46 ± 3.19 | 46.67 ± 1.53 d | −40.30 ± 1.75 | 0.5633 ± 0.01 c |
5 | 28.00 ± 1.00 c | −37.30 ± 2.59 | 31.67 ± 1.53 e | −49.34 ± 0.61 | 40.33 ± 0.58 e | −46.22 ± 0.39 | 0.5200 ± 0.00 d |
10 | 4.33 ± 0.58 d | −86.83 ± 1.33 | 5.33 ± 0.58 f | −89.16 ± 1.45 | 9.00 ± 1.00 f | −84.83 ± 1.75 | 0.0500 ± 0.04 d |
15 | 2.33 ± 0.58 d | −92.66 ± 1.89 | 5.33 ± 0.58 f | −89.16 ± 1.45 | 9.00 ± 1.00 f | −84.83 ± 1.75 | −0.0033 ± 0.03 e |
20 | 1.67 ± 0.58 d | −94.69 ± 1.89 | 2.67 ± 0.58 f | −94.45 ± 1.19 | 2.67 ± 0.58 g | −95.26 ± 0.95 | −0.4000 ± 0.00 e |
Concentration | Hatched Eggs * | Reduction of Viable Eggs |
---|---|---|
Control | 55.33 ± 1.53 a | |
0.1 | 41.00 ± 2.00 b | −14.90 ± 2.30 |
0.5 | 23.33 ± 2.08 c | −42.57 ± 2.93 |
1 | 9.67 ± 1.15 d | −70.25 ± 3.57 |
5 | 3.67 ± 0.58 e | −87.60 ± 1.64 |
10 | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | −100 ± 0.00 |
15 | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | −100 ± 0.00 |
20 | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | −100 ± 0.00 |
Concentration %(v/v) | Average Damage (%) ± SE | Food Intake (%) ± SE | Average Damage (%) ± SE | Food Intake (%) | Average Damage (%) ± SE | Food Intake (%) ± SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h * | 48 h | 72 h | ||||
Control | 12.00 ± 0.58 a | 17.00 ± 0.58 a | 26.00 ± 0.58 a | |||
0.1 | 11.00 ± 0.58 ab | −4.33 ± 0.22 | 15.33 ± 0.33 a | −5.12 ± 0.95 | 23.67 ± 0.67 a | −4.71 ± 0.71 |
0.5 | 9.33 ± 0.33 b | −12.44 ± 1.27 | 12.00 ± 0.58 b | −17.24 ± 3.98 | 20.00 ± 0.58 b | −13.05 ± 2.18 |
1 | 5.67 ± 0.33 c | −35.81 ± 3.44 | 9.33 ± 0.33 c | −29.06 ± 3.08 | 16.33 ± 0.88 c | −22.89 ± 3.58 |
5 | 4.33 ± 0.33 cd | −46.81 ± 4.73 | 7.00 ± 0.58 cd | −41.67 ± 4.81 | 13.33 ± 0.67 c | −31.14 ± 2.37 |
10 | 2.33 ± 0.33 de | −67.52 ± 3.94 | 4.67 ± 0.33 de | −57.02 ± 1.59 | 8.00 ± 0.58 d | −52.97 ± 3.05 |
15 | 2.33 ± 0.88 de | −67.94 ± 11.41 | 3.00 ± 0.58 ef | −70.11 ± 5.29 | 3.67 ± 0.33 e | −75.25 ± 2.39 |
20 | 1.33 ± 0.33 e | −80.16 ± 4.42 | 1.67 ± 0.67 f | −82.26 ± 6.92 | 2.33 ± 0.33 e | −83.57 ± 2.15 |
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Heinz-Castro, R.T.Q.; Arredondo-Valdés, R.; Ordaz-Silva, S.; Méndez-Cortés, H.; Hernández-Juárez, A.; Chacón-Hernández, J.C. Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Acaricide against Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Insects 2021, 12, 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050476
Heinz-Castro RTQ, Arredondo-Valdés R, Ordaz-Silva S, Méndez-Cortés H, Hernández-Juárez A, Chacón-Hernández JC. Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Acaricide against Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Insects. 2021; 12(5):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050476
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeinz-Castro, Rapucel Tonantzin Quetzalli, Roberto Arredondo-Valdés, Salvador Ordaz-Silva, Heriberto Méndez-Cortés, Agustín Hernández-Juárez, and Julio César Chacón-Hernández. 2021. "Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Acaricide against Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)" Insects 12, no. 5: 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050476