Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Associated with Cassava and the Occurrence of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Methodology
2.3. Extraction of Whitefly DNA, PCR and Sequencing
2.3.1. 2013 Samples
2.3.2. 2015 Samples
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Phylogenetic and Sequence Analysis
2.6. Population Genetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CMD Symptoms and Sooty Mold
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis, Evolutionary Divergence and Geographical Distribution of B. tabaci mtCOI
3.3. Diversity Indices
3.4. CMD Incidence, Symptom Severity and Whitefly Abundance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sequence Name | Country | GenBank Reference | Code (mtCOI) | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|
Texas B type | USA | AF164675 | - | Unpublished |
Bur2-2 | Burundi | KF425621 | SSA1-SG2 | [32] |
Tz10 | Tanzania | KF425607 | SSA1-SG1 | [32] |
21Malaw | Malawi | AY057162 | SSA1-SG3 | [31] |
CAMW13 | Cameroon | AF344254 | SSA4 | [10] |
CAMW16 | Cameroon | AF344257 | SSA3 | [10] |
ChinaCQAY686091NB | China | AY686091 | - | [41] |
DRC-KICKAL1 | DRC | MF417582 | SSA1-SG1 | [20] |
Kenyz23a | Kenya | JQ286408 | SSA1-SG1 | [42] |
Tz62a | Tanzania | JQ286461 | SSA1-SG3 | [42] |
ZAMB1 | Zambia | AF344280 | SSA1-SG1 | [10] |
ZAMB2 | Zambia | AF344281 | SSA1-SG3 | [10] |
ZAMB6 | Zambia | AF344284 | SSA1-SG1 | [10] |
Bemisia afer | Uganda | AF418673 | Bemisia afer | [24] |
Sequence Name | Province a | Subgroup Name | Closest Relative | Sequence from GenBank | Country b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Nt Identity%) | |||||
MT542001 c | Eastern | SSA1-SG3 | 99.6 | AY057162 | Malawi |
MT542025 c | Western | SSA1-SG3 | 99.6 | AY057162 | Malawi |
MT434853 d | Eastern | SSA1-SG3 | 99.6 | AY057162 | Malawi |
MT434852 d | Eastern | SSA1-SG3 | 99.6 | AY057162 | Malawi |
MT434835 d | Western | SSA1-SG3 | 99.6 | AY057162 | Malawi |
MT542019 c | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | KF425607 | Tanzania |
MT542031 c | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | KF425607 | Tanzania |
MT542017 c | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | KF425607 | Tanzania |
MT434844 d | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | MF417582 | DRC |
MT434855 d | North Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | MF417582 | DRC |
MT434830 d | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | MF417582 | DRC |
MT434846 d | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | MF417582 | DRC |
MT434827 d | Western | SSA1-SG1 | 100 | MF417582 | DRC |
MT542012 c | Eastern | SSA1-SG2 | 99.1 | KF425621 | Burundi |
MT542015 c | Western | SSA1-SG2 | 99.1 | KF425621 | Burundi |
MT434851 d | Eastern | SSA1-SG2 | 99.1 | KF425621 | Burundi |
MT434850 d | Eastern | SSA1-SG2 | 99.1 | KF425621 | Burundi |
Parameter | All | SSA1-SG1 | SSA1-SG2 | SSA1-SG3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 68 | 38 | 8 | 22 |
Number of haplotypes | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
Polymorphic sites (S) | 15 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Average number of nucleotide differences (k) | 5.52941 | 0.25462 | 0 | 0.09091 |
Nucleotide diversity (Pi) | 0.00744 | 0.00034 | 0 | 0.00012 |
Haplotype diversity (Hd) | 0.662 | 0.245 | - | 0.091 |
Variance of Hd | 0.00154 | 0.00796 | - | 0.00655 |
Standard deviation of Hd | 0.039 | 0.089 | - | 0.081 |
Theta per sequence | 3.13195 | 0.71402 | - | 0.27432 |
Theta per site | 0.00422 | 0.00096 | - | 0.00037 |
Fu’s Fs statistic | 1.00136 | −1.79006 | - | −1.67803 |
Tajima’s D p for Tajima’s D | 2.23673 p < 0.05 | −1.42080 p > 0.10 | - | −1.16240 p > 0.10 |
2013 | 2015 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province | Number of Fields | CMD Incidence (%) | SE | Mean CMD Severity (1–5) | SE | Mean Whitefly Population | SE | Number of Fields | CMD Incidence (%) | SE | Mean CMD Severity (1–5) | SE | Mean Whitefly Population | SE |
Central | 36 | 57.9 | 4.027 | 3.3 | 0.25 | 0.7 | 0.035 | 29 | 70.2 | 3.211 | 3.8 | 0.026 | 1.3 | 0.084 |
Eastern | 51 | 26.6 | 4.324 | 2.8 | 0.29 | 1.0 | 0.085 | 44 | 29.3 | 4.527 | 3.1 | 0.037 | 0.6 | 0.079 |
Luapula | 47 | 49.9 | 4.102 | 3.2 | 0.19 | 0.5 | 0.034 | 28 | 46.2 | 4.915 | 3.2 | 0.037 | 0.3 | 0.035 |
Lusaka | 24 | 78 | 4.914 | 3.4 | 0.42 | 6.6 | 0.628 | 14 | 83.6 | 7.759 | 3.9 | 0.038 | 3.7 | 0.463 |
North Western | 16 | 55.8 | 8.271 | 3.3 | 0.33 | 2.2 | 0.311 | 17 | 63.6 | 7.765 | 3.4 | 0.04 | 2.2 | 0.408 |
Northern | 40 | 39.1 | 4.571 | 3.1 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.045 | 43 | 33.2 | 4.698 | 3.4 | 0.027 | 0.2 | 0.038 |
Western | 31 | 73.1 | 3.529 | 3.1 | 11.1 | 0.451 | 25 | 58.8 | 5.688 | 3.3 | 0.028 | 10.8 | 0.599 | |
Mean | 50.5 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 48.9 | 3.5 | 2.3 | ||||||||
SE | 2.045 | 0.11 | 0.117 | 2.32 | 0.013 | 0.104 | ||||||||
p-value (5%) | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 |
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Chiza Chikoti, P.; Tembo, M.; Peter Legg, J.; Rufini Shirima, R.; Mugerwa, H.; Sseruwagi, P. Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Associated with Cassava and the Occurrence of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia. Insects 2020, 11, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110761
Chiza Chikoti P, Tembo M, Peter Legg J, Rufini Shirima R, Mugerwa H, Sseruwagi P. Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Associated with Cassava and the Occurrence of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia. Insects. 2020; 11(11):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110761
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiza Chikoti, Patrick, Mathias Tembo, James Peter Legg, Rudolph Rufini Shirima, Habibu Mugerwa, and Peter Sseruwagi. 2020. "Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Associated with Cassava and the Occurrence of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia" Insects 11, no. 11: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110761