Tuning the Parameters of Cu–WS2 Composite Production via Powder Metallurgy: Evaluation of the Effects on Tribological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production Method
2.2. X-ray Diffractometry
2.3. Absolute Density
2.4. Electrical Resistivity
2.5. Static Optical Contact Angle
2.6. Micro-Indentation Hardness
2.7. Wear Test
3. Results
3.1. X-ray Diffractometry
3.2. Density
3.3. Electrical Resistivity
3.4. Static Optical Contact Angle
3.5. Micro-Indentation Hardness
3.6. Wear Test
3.6.1. Sintering Temperature
3.6.2. Double-Pressing
3.6.3. Double-Pressing and Double-Sintering
3.6.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.6.5. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
4. Conclusions
- The presence of tungsten oxide (WO2) due to a sintering temperature above 550 °C indicates the deterioration of the solid lubricant.
- The decrease in the density of the composite material with respect to pure copper is due to the presence of the reinforcement.
- The electrical resistivity of the composite material is in the same order of magnitude as the pure copper sample, and slight differences occurred considering the production routes.
- Hydrophobic behavior is not influenced by the different production routes proposed in this study.
- Additional pressing determined an increase in the hardness of the composites, and a higher load corresponded to a higher hardness value.
- During the wear test, the friction coefficient reached the lowest values due to additional pressing with the highest load (8 tons), both in double-pressed and double-pressed double-sintered cases. The SEM cross-section analysis pointed out a lower superficial porosity.
- Wear test interruption of samples PS(6–5) and PS(8–5) was mainly due to the formation and propagation of sub-surface cracks that determined the detachment of big portions of materials.
- The wear coefficient and specific wear rate decreased due to the additional thermo-mechanical treatments, but remained in the same order of magnitude as the reference sample sintered at 550 °C.
- Wear volume lowest values were found for the double-pressed samples, with similar results independently from the load and the maintaining time.
- Abrasion is the characteristic wear mechanism detected. The analysis of the wear track highlighted the presence of wear sub-mechanisms: adhesion, oxidation, third-body, and delamination, to different extents.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Sample | Sintering Temperature (°C) | Pressing Load (ton) | Pressing Time (min) | Additional Pressing Load (ton) | Additional Pressing Time (min) | Additional Sintering Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–5550 | 550 | 6 | 5 | - | - | - |
6–5700 | 700 | 6 | 5 | - | - | - |
6–5800 | 800 | 6 | 5 | - | - | - |
P(6–5) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | - |
P(6–15) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 15 | - |
P(8–5) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | - |
P(8–15) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 15 | - |
PS(6–5) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 550 |
PS(6–15) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 15 | 550 |
PS(8–5) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 550 |
PS(8–15) | 550 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 550 |
Sample | Element | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu (at%) | S (at%) | W (at%) | O (at%) | Fe (at%) | |
6–5550 | 55.30 | 2.87 | 1.24 | 6.18 | 34.41 |
6–5800 | 49.32 | 2.34 | 1.05 | 9.07 | 38.22 |
P(8–15) | 59.84 | 3.98 | 1.51 | 3.75 | 30.92 |
PS(8–15) | 55.15 | 2.65 | 1.44 | 6.4 | 34.36 |
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Freschi, M.; Dragoni, L.; Mariani, M.; Haiko, O.; Kömi, J.; Lecis, N.; Dotelli, G. Tuning the Parameters of Cu–WS2 Composite Production via Powder Metallurgy: Evaluation of the Effects on Tribological Properties. Lubricants 2023, 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020066
Freschi M, Dragoni L, Mariani M, Haiko O, Kömi J, Lecis N, Dotelli G. Tuning the Parameters of Cu–WS2 Composite Production via Powder Metallurgy: Evaluation of the Effects on Tribological Properties. Lubricants. 2023; 11(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020066
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreschi, Marco, Lara Dragoni, Marco Mariani, Oskari Haiko, Jukka Kömi, Nora Lecis, and Giovanni Dotelli. 2023. "Tuning the Parameters of Cu–WS2 Composite Production via Powder Metallurgy: Evaluation of the Effects on Tribological Properties" Lubricants 11, no. 2: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020066