“All that Matter … in One Big Bang …”, &Other Cosmological Singularities
1
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICE/CSIC and IEEC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
2
International Laboratory for Theoretical Cosmology, TUSUR University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
3
Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
Galaxies 2018, 6(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6010025
Received: 2 January 2018
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Revised: 25 January 2018
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Accepted: 8 February 2018
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Published: 21 February 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmology and the Quantum Vacuum)
The first part of this paper contains a brief description of the beginnings of modern cosmology, which, the author will argue, was most likely born in the year 1912. Some of the pieces of evidence presented here have emerged from recent research in the history of science and are not usually shared with the general audiences in popular science books. In particular, the issue of the correct formulation of the original Big Bang concept, according to the precise words of Fred Hoyle, is discussed. Too often, this point is very deficiently explained (when not just misleadingly) in most of the available generalist literature. Other frequent uses of the same words, Big Bang, as to name the initial singularity of the cosmos, and also whole cosmological models, are then addressed, as evolutions of its original meaning. Quantum and inflationary additions to the celebrated singularity theorems by Penrose, Geroch, Hawking and others led to subsequent results by Borde, Guth and Vilenkin. Additionally, corresponding corrections to the Einstein field equations have originated, in particular,
,
, and scalar-tensor gravities, giving rise to a plethora of new singularities. For completeness, an updated table with a classification of the same is given.
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Keywords:
the Big Bang concept; history of modern cosmology; singularity theorems; cosmological singularities in modified gravity models
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Elizalde, E. “All that Matter … in One Big Bang …”, &Other Cosmological Singularities. Galaxies 2018, 6, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6010025
AMA Style
Elizalde E. “All that Matter … in One Big Bang …”, &Other Cosmological Singularities. Galaxies. 2018; 6(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizalde, Emilio. 2018. "“All that Matter … in One Big Bang …”, &Other Cosmological Singularities" Galaxies 6, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6010025
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