Correlations Between Novel Adiposity Indices and Electrocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals with Arterial Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
- − class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) or underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m2),
- − secondary hypertension (renovascular, endocrine, or malignant),
- − end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy,
- − heart failure (NYHA class IV),
- − history or presence of pleural/pericardial effusion,
- − history of COPD, interstitial lung disease, thyroid disorders, or storage diseases,
- − clinical signs of anasarca or cachexia,
- − major non-cardiovascular comorbidities significantly affecting health status.
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Anthropometric Indices of Adiposity
2.4. Sokolow Lyon Index (SLI)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Cohort (n = 274) | SLI ≤ 35 mm (n = 253) | SLI > 35 mm (n = 21) | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52 | ± | 15 | 54 | ± | 15 | 45 | ± | 14 | <0.001 |
Male gender, n (%) | 154 (56.2) | 137 (54.2) | 17 (80.9) | <0.001 | ||||||
Smoke, n (%) | 94 (34.3) | 89 (35.2) | 5 (23.8) | 0.685 | ||||||
Clinical parameters | ||||||||||
Diabetes, n (%) | 72 (26.3) | 68 (26.9) | 4 (19) | 0.485 | ||||||
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 60 (21.9) | 57 (22.5) | 3 (14.3) | 0.310 | ||||||
Sokolov-Lyon Index (mm) | 22 | ± | 7 | 21 | ± | 5 | 38 | ± | 4 | <0.001 |
Clinic systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 | ± | 17 | 134 | ± | 16 | 139 | ± | 20 | 0.214 |
Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81 | ± | 12 | 81 | ± | 12 | 88 | ± | 14 | 0.007 |
Clinic mean BP (mmHg) | 99 | ± | 13 | 99 | ± | 12 | 105 | ± | 15 | 0.030 |
Clinic pulse pressure (mmHg) | 53 | ± | 13 | 53 | ± | 13 | 51 | ± | 12 | 0.453 |
Clinic heart rate (beats) | 75 | ± | 8 | 75 | ± | 8 | 74 | ± | 7 | 0.650 |
Biochemical parameters | ||||||||||
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 100.5 | ± | 30.4 | 103.7 | ± | 30.8 | 93.7 | ± | 23.4 | 0.148 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 6.13 | ± | 4.41 | 6.16 | ± | 4.58 | 5.86 | ± | 1.09 | 0.771 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189 | ± | 41 | 189 | ± | 41 | 196 | ± | 48 | 0.432 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 122 | ± | 33 | 121 | ± | 32 | 125 | ± | 42 | 0.574 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 49 | ± | 12 | 49 | ± | 12 | 57 | ± | 17 | 0.003 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 111 (81–149) | 111 (82–152) | 107 (68–133) | 0.771 | ||||||
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.04 | ± | 0.61 | 1.03 | ± | 0.59 | 1.19 | ± | 0.73 | 0.253 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.7 | ± | 26.7 | 82.8 | ± | 25.7 | 94.9 | ± | 35.4 | 0.046 |
Anthropometric parameters | ||||||||||
Weight (Kg) | 79.3 | ± | 17.3 | 79.5 | ± | 17.8 | 77.3 | ± | 10.6 | 0.575 |
Height (cm) | 166 | ± | 10 | 166 | ± | 10 | 168 | ± | 9 | 0.335 |
BSA (m2) | 1.86 | ± | 0.21 | 1.86 | ± | 0.21 | 1.87 | ± | 0.16 | 0.870 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.7 | ± | 5.6 | 28.9 | ± | 5.8 | 27.4 | ± | 2.6 | 0.240 |
WC (cm) | 99 | ± | 15 | 99 | ± | 16 | 91 | ± | 8 | 0.016 |
BRI | 5.51 | ± | 2.37 | 5.61 | ± | 2.42 | 4.29 | ± | 1.19 | 0.014 |
ABSI | 0.81 | ± | 0.05 | 0.81 | ± | 0.05 | 0.78 | ± | 0.03 | 0.008 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 78 (28.5) | 83 (32.8) | 5 (24.0) | 0.436 |
SLI | ABSI | BRI | BMI | WC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | r | r | r | r | |
Age (years) | −0.308 *** | 0.337 *** | 0.139 * | 0.003 NS | 0.076 NS |
Height (cm) | 0.201 *** | −0.502 *** | −0.357 *** | −0.035 NS | −0.043 NS |
Weight (Kg) | 0.012 NS | 0.088 NS | 0.531 *** | 0.837 *** | 0.758 *** |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | −0.144 * | 0.160 * | 0.152 * | 0.151 * | 0.160 * |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 0.142 * | 0.005 NS | 0.025 NS | 0.160 * | 0.183 ** |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.039 NS | 0.041 NS | 0.014 NS | 0.028 NS | 0.014 NS |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | −0.103 NS | 0.037 NS | 0.019 NS | −0.003 NS | 0.002 NS |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 0.050 NS | 0.034 NS | −0.062 NS | −0.132 * | −0.130 * |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.100 NS | −0.006 NS | −0.100 NS | −0.140 * | −0.151 * |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.036 NS | −0.043 NS | 0.110 NS | 0.304 *** | 0.239 *** |
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.174 ** | −0.026 NS | 0.030 NS | 0.004 NS | 0.016 NS |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.014 NS | −0.151 * | −0.061 NS | 0.019 NS | −0.008 NS |
Clinical Systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.197 *** | −0.034 NS | −0.065 NS | −0.068 NS | −0.053 NS |
Clinical Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.260 *** | −0.160 * | −0.163 * | −0.098 NS | −0.095 NS |
Clinical Mean BP (mmHg) | 0.255 *** | −0.120 * | −0.134 * | −0.093 NS | −0.085 NS |
Clinical Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | 0.003 NS | 0.120 * | 0.079 NS | 0.008 NS | 0.025 NS |
Clinical Heart Rate (beats/min) | 0.134 * | −0.144 * | −0.110 NS | −0.089 NS | −0.105 NS |
SLI (mm) | 1 | −0.296 *** | −0.238 *** | −0.123 * | −0.182 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.121 NS | 0.458 *** | 0.876 *** | 1 | 0.934 *** |
WC (cm) | −0.182 ** | 0.688 *** | 0.917 *** | 0.934 *** | 1 |
ABSI | −0.296 *** | 1 | 0.761 *** | 0.458 *** | 0.688 *** |
BRI | −0.238 *** | 0.761 *** | 1 | 0.876 *** | 0.917 *** |
Regression Coefficients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non Standardized | Standardized | ||||
B | SE | β | t | p | |
Model (R2 = 0.217) | |||||
Age | −0.187 | 0.033 | −0.390 | −5.61 | <0.001 |
eGFR | −0.073 | 0.019 | −0.254 | −3.80 | 0.005 |
ABSI | −31.694 | 9.290 | −0.197 | −3.41 | 0.013 |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.083 | 0.025 | 0.179 | 3.31 | 0.016 |
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Geraci, G.; Ferrara, P.; Pallotti, F.; Le Moli, R.; Calabrese, V.; Paternò, V.; Zanoli, L.; Giammanco, A.; Bellavia, A.; Naro, L.; et al. Correlations Between Novel Adiposity Indices and Electrocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals with Arterial Hypertension. J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15060229
Geraci G, Ferrara P, Pallotti F, Le Moli R, Calabrese V, Paternò V, Zanoli L, Giammanco A, Bellavia A, Naro L, et al. Correlations Between Novel Adiposity Indices and Electrocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals with Arterial Hypertension. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2025; 15(6):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15060229
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeraci, Giulio, Pietro Ferrara, Francesco Pallotti, Rosario Le Moli, Vincenzo Calabrese, Valentina Paternò, Luca Zanoli, Antonina Giammanco, Alessandra Bellavia, Liliana Naro, and et al. 2025. "Correlations Between Novel Adiposity Indices and Electrocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals with Arterial Hypertension" Journal of Personalized Medicine 15, no. 6: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15060229
APA StyleGeraci, G., Ferrara, P., Pallotti, F., Le Moli, R., Calabrese, V., Paternò, V., Zanoli, L., Giammanco, A., Bellavia, A., Naro, L., Sorce, A., La Via, L., George, J., Polosa, R., Mulè, G., & Carollo, C. (2025). Correlations Between Novel Adiposity Indices and Electrocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals with Arterial Hypertension. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 15(6), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15060229