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Article

The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity

by
Mohammad Muzaffar Mir
1,*,
Jaber Alfaifi
2,
Shahzada Khalid Sohail
1,
Syeda Fatima Rizvi
1,
Md Tanwir Akhtar
3,
Mushabab Ayed Abdullah Alghamdi
4,
Rashid Mir
5,
Javed Iqbal Wani
6,
Zia Ul Sabah
6,
Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
7,
Fahad Alremthi
8,
AbdulElah Al Jarallah AlQahtani
4,
Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
9,
Masoud Ishag Elkhalifa Adam
10,
Imadeldin Elfaki
11 and
Hany M. A. Sonpol
1
1
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 93499, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
5
Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
8
Diabetes and Endocrine Center, King Abdullah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
9
Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
10
Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
11
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(7), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070743
Submission received: 31 May 2024 / Revised: 2 July 2024 / Accepted: 4 July 2024 / Published: 11 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanisms of Diseases)
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Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a major global health concern, especially in developing nations. The high prevalence of obesity and related diabetes cases are attributed to rapid economic progress, physical inactivity, the consumption of high-calorie foods, and changing lifestyles. Objectives: We investigated the roles of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL1, 2, 4, and 5 in T2DM with varying levels of obesity in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: In total, 170 confirmed T2DM subjects and a normal control group were enrolled. Demographic data, serum levels of CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5, and biochemical indices were assessed in the subjects and control groups by standard procedures. Results: T2DM subjects were divided into four groups: A (normal body weight), B (overweight), C (obese), and D (highly obese). We observed that male and female control subjects had similar mean serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5. T2DM subjects in all the four groups showed significantly higher levels of all the four chemokines compared to the controls, regardless of gender. In T2DM subjects with obesity and severe obesity, the rise was most significant. There was a progressive rise in the concentrations of CCL-1, 2, and 4 in T2DM subjects with increasing BMI. Serum CCL5 levels increased significantly in all T2DM subject groups. The increase in CCL5 was more predominant in normal-weight people, compared to overweight and obese T2DM subjects. Conclusions: Male and female control subjects had similar serum levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5. The progressive rise in blood concentrations of three pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, and 4 in T2DM subjects with increasing BMI supports the idea that dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Serum CCL5 levels increased significantly in all T2DM subject groups. The selective and more pronounced increase in CCL5 in the T2DM group with normal BMI, compared to subjects with varying degrees of obesity, was rather surprising. Further research is needed to determine if CCL5 underexpression in overweight and obese T2DM subjects is due to some unexplained counterbalancing processes.
Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus; pro-inflammatory chemokines; obesity; CCL1; CCL2; CCL4; CCL5 type 2 diabetes mellitus; pro-inflammatory chemokines; obesity; CCL1; CCL2; CCL4; CCL5

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mir, M.M.; Alfaifi, J.; Sohail, S.K.; Rizvi, S.F.; Akhtar, M.T.; Alghamdi, M.A.A.; Mir, R.; Wani, J.I.; Sabah, Z.U.; Alhumaydhi, F.A.; et al. The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070743

AMA Style

Mir MM, Alfaifi J, Sohail SK, Rizvi SF, Akhtar MT, Alghamdi MAA, Mir R, Wani JI, Sabah ZU, Alhumaydhi FA, et al. The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(7):743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070743

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mir, Mohammad Muzaffar, Jaber Alfaifi, Shahzada Khalid Sohail, Syeda Fatima Rizvi, Md Tanwir Akhtar, Mushabab Ayed Abdullah Alghamdi, Rashid Mir, Javed Iqbal Wani, Zia Ul Sabah, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, and et al. 2024. "The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 7: 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070743

APA Style

Mir, M. M., Alfaifi, J., Sohail, S. K., Rizvi, S. F., Akhtar, M. T., Alghamdi, M. A. A., Mir, R., Wani, J. I., Sabah, Z. U., Alhumaydhi, F. A., Alremthi, F., AlQahtani, A. A. J., Alharthi, M. H., Adam, M. I. E., Elfaki, I., & Sonpol, H. M. A. (2024). The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(7), 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070743

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