Relationship Between Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Choroidal–Retinal Thicknesses Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertensive Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
- Secondary hypertension (renovascular, malignant, or endocrine hypertension, or hypertension associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome);
- Diabetic patients;
- Patients with congenital or hereditary kidney diseases, or severe renal insufficiency (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2);
- History of ocular diseases (e.g., cataracts) and/or ophthalmic surgery;
- Past or recent history of cerebrovascular events;
- History or clinical signs of heart failure (NYHA II-IV) or coronary artery disease;
- Major non-cardiovascular chronic diseases (COPD, liver cirrhosis);
- Neoplasms.
2.1.1. Clinical and Laboratory Examination
2.1.2. Ophthalmic Examination
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Whole Population (n = 70) | Men (n = 70) | Women (n = 28) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 49 ± 12 | 53 ± 12 | 47 ± 12 | ns |
Antihypertensive Drugs (%) | 69 | 42.6 | 57 | ns |
Smokers (%) | 32 | 29 | 71 | ns |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | ns |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188 ± 33 | 188 ± 36 | 188 ± 28 | ns |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47 ± 13 | 53 ± 13 | 45 ± 12 | ns |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117 ± 29 | 114 ± 29 | 115 ± 30 | ns |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 107 (76–164) | 110 (72–158) | 101 (78–143) | ns |
Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 98 ± 18 | 101 ± 19 | 93 ± 14 | ns |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.4 ± 1 | 15.1 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | <0.01 |
Uricemia (mg/dL) | 7 ± 5 | 6 ± 1.4 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | ns |
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.01 ± 0.4 | 1.04 ± 0.3 | 0.95 ± 0.7 | ns |
Microalbuminuria (mg/24 h) | 30 (4.8–77.5) | 30 (4–42) | 30 (12–237) | ns |
Whole Population (n = 70) | Men (n = 70) | Women (n = 28) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OBP | ||||
cSBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 14 | 138 ± 14 | 139 ± 14 | ns |
cDBP (mmHg) | 86 ± 11 | 87 ± 12 | 85 ± 9 | ns |
cPP (mmHg) | 52 ± 10 | 51 ± 10 | 54 ± 11 | ns |
cMAP (mmHg) | 104 ± 11 | 104 ± 12 | 103 ± 10 | ns |
ABPM | ||||
Mean 24 h SBP (mmHg) | 130 ± 14 | 130 ± 14 | 130 ± 14 | ns |
Mean Day SBP (mmHg) | 134 ± 15 | 134 ± 15 | 134 ± 14 | ns |
Mean Night SBP (mmHg) | 119 ± 15 | 120 ± 15 | 118 ± 14 | ns |
Day/Night SBP (mmHg) | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 1.13 ± 0.09 | ns |
Mean 24 h DBP (mmHg) | 84 ± 9 | 84 ± 8 | 82 ± 9 | ns |
Mean Day DBP (mmHg) | 87 ± 9 | 88 ± 9 | 86 ± 10 | ns |
Mean Night DBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 0.04 |
Day/Night DBP (mmHg) | 1.16 ± 0.11 | 1.14 ± 0.11 | 1.19 ± 0.12 | ns |
Mean 24 h PP (mmHg) | 46 ± 12 | 45 ± 12 | 48 ± 11 | ns |
Mean Day PP (mmHg) | 47 ± 12 | 46 ± 12 | 48 ± 12 | ns |
Mean Night PP (mmHg) | 43 ± 11 | 42 ± 11 | 45 ± 11 | ns |
Day/Night PP (mmHg) | 0.45 ± 0.55 | 0.50 ± 0.54 | 0.31 ± 0.55 | ns |
BP variability indices | ||||
Mean 24 h ARV SBP (mmHg) | 12 ± 2.6 | 13 ± 2.4 | 12 ± 3.2 | ns |
Mean 24 h ARV DPB (mmHg) | 10 ± 3.4 | 10 ± 2.4 | 9 ± 2.5 | ns |
Mean Day ARV SBP (mmHg) | 15 ± 3.6 | 15 ± 3.3 | 14 ± 4 | 0.05 |
Mean Night ARV SBP (mmHg) | 16 ± 7 | 15 ± 6.4 | 16 ± 8.6 | ns |
Mean Day ARV DBP (mmHg) | 10 ± 2.3 | 10 ± 2.4 | 10 ± 2 | ns |
Mean Night ARV DBP (mmHg) | 13 ± 4.6 | 13 ± 4 | 13 ± 6 | ns |
SD Day SBP (mmHg) | 14 ± 4.5 | 14 ± 3.7 | 15 ± 6.2 | ns |
SD Night SBP (mmHg) | 12 ± 3.5 | 12 ± 3.5 | 12 ± 3.5 | ns |
SD Day DBP (mmHg) | 11 ± 3,6 | 11 ± 3,7 | 11 ± 3.4 | ns |
SD Night DBP (mmHg) | 10 ± 3 | 10 ± 3.1 | 10 ± 2.7 | ns |
SD Day PP (mmHg) | 13 ± 5.6 | 13 ± 6.1 | 13 ± 4 | ns |
SD Night PP (mmHg) | 10 ± 5.2 | 10 ± 5.5 | 11 ± 4.4 | ns |
SD Day HR (bpm) | 9 ± 3.2 | 9 ± 2.8 | 9 ± 4 | ns |
SD Night HR (bpm) | 7 ± 3 | 7 ± 3.1 | 7 ± 2.72 | ns |
24 h Weighted Bilo SBP | 14 ± 4.9 | 14 ± 3 | 14 ± 7.2 | ns |
24 h Weighted Bilo DBP | 12 ± 4 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 5.7 | ns |
Whole Population (n = 70) | Men (n = 70) | Women (n = 28) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Choroidal thicknesses | ||||
ChT-c (µm) | 259.5 ± 73.2 | 265.3 ± 73.3 | 245.5 ± 72.7 | ns |
ChT-air (µm) | 235.1 ± 58.2 | 239.5 ± 60.5 | 224.6 ± 51.6 | ns |
ChT-aor (µm) | 253.6 ± 65.5 | 258.7 ± 68.2 | 242.7 ± 58 | ns |
ChT-or (µm) | 249.7 ± 61.4 | 243.1 ± 63.6 | 241.7 ± 55.8 | ns |
Caliper CSI (µm) | 272.2 ± 72.9 | 274.9 ± 77.1 | 267.5 ± 67 | ns |
Retinal thicknesses | ||||
RetT-air (µm) | 279 ± 92.6 | 275.6 ± 85.1 | 287.2 ± 110.1 | ns |
RetT-aor (µm) | 308 ± 19.5 | 309.7 ± 21.5 | 303.8 ± 12.5 | ns |
RetT-or (µm) | 290.6 ± 46.4 | 289.7 ± 41.8 | 292.7 ± 56.9 | ns |
Age | Total Cholesterol | LDL Cholesterol | Glycemia | Hemoglobin | Serum Creatinine | eGFR | Log Albuminuria | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | |
Choroidal thicknesses | ||||||||
ChT-c (µm) | −0.364 ** | 0.263 ** | 0.287 ** | ns | ns | ns | 0.212 * | −0.361 ^ |
ChT-air (µm) | −0.455 ** | ns | 0.228 * | −0.288 * | ns | −0.241 * | 0.346 ** | −0.303 * |
ChT-aor (µm) | −0.445 ** | 0.248 * | −0.353 * | −0.289 * | 0.238 * | Ns | 0.264 * | −0.389 ^^ |
ChT-or (µm) | −0.465 ** | 0.248 * | 0.039* | −0.290 * | ns | −0.261 * | 0.358 ** | −0.370 ^ |
Retinal thicknesses | ||||||||
RetT-air (µm) | ns | 0.310 * | 0.278 ^ | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-aor (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-or (µm) | ns | ns | 0.269 ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
cPP | cMAP | c-HR | Mean Night SBP | Mean Daytime DBP | Day/Night SBP | SD Night SBP | SD Day PP | SD Day HR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | |
Choroidal thicknesses | |||||||||
ChT-c (µm) | ns | 0.203 * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
ChT-air (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
ChT-aor (µm) | −0.231 * | ns | ns | ns | 0.272 ** | ns | ns | 0.107 * | −0.232 ** |
ChT-or (µm) | ns | ns | 0.253 ** | ns | 0.217 * | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Caliper CSI (µm) | −0.227 * | ns | ns | −0.230 * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Retinal thicknesses | |||||||||
RetT-air (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-aor (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.226 * | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-or (µm) | ns | ns | 0.204 * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Mean 24 h DBP | Mean 24 h ARV SBP | Mean 24 h ARV DBP | Mean Daytime ARV SBP | Mean Night ARV SBP | Mean Daytime ARV DBP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | r | r | r | r | r | |
Choroidal thicknesses | ||||||
ChT-c (µm) | ns | ns | −0.331 ** | ns | −0.311 ** | −0.268 ** |
ChT-air (µm) | 0.222 * | −0.252 * | −0.316 ** | ns | −0.290 ^ | −0.266 ** |
ChT-aor (µm) | ns | ns | −0.320 ** | ns | −0.283 ** | −0.272 ** |
ChT-or (µm) | ns | ns | −0.333 ** | 0.208 * | −0.295 ^ | −0.297 ^ |
Caliper CSI (µm) | ns | ns | −0.365 ** | ns | ns | −0.278 * |
Retinal thicknesses | ||||||
RetT-air (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-aor (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
RetT-or (µm) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Dependent
Variable | ChT-or | ChT-c | ChT-aor | ChT-air | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regressors | ||||||||||||||||
B | S.E. | β | p | B | S.E. | β | p | B | S.E. | β | p | B | S.E. | β | p | |
Log-albuminuria | −39 | 9.2 | −0.53 | <0.001 | −46.6 | 10.1 | −0.56 | <0.001 | −37.5 | 8.9 | −0.52 | <0.01 | −37 | 10 | −0.47 | <0.001 |
Mean daytime DBP | 2.14 | 0.7 | 0.32 | 0.008 | 2.42 | 0.8 | 0.32 | 0.007 | 1.92 | 0.7 | 0.29 | 0.016 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
Mean ARV day DBP | −10.9 | 3.13 | −0.39 | 0.001 | −10.7 | 3.5 | −0.34 | 0.004 | −9.3 | 3.1 | −0.35 | 0.005 | −10.2 | 3.2 | −0.36 | 0.003 |
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Carollo, C.; Vadalà, M.; Ferrara, M.; Chisci, E.; La Felice, A.; Di Natale, K.V.; Sorce, A.; Bonfiglio, V.M.E.; Mulè, G. Relationship Between Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Choroidal–Retinal Thicknesses Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertensive Subjects. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121123
Carollo C, Vadalà M, Ferrara M, Chisci E, La Felice A, Di Natale KV, Sorce A, Bonfiglio VME, Mulè G. Relationship Between Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Choroidal–Retinal Thicknesses Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertensive Subjects. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(12):1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121123
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarollo, Caterina, Maria Vadalà, Marta Ferrara, Enea Chisci, Alberto La Felice, Katia Valeria Di Natale, Alessandra Sorce, Vincenza Maria Elena Bonfiglio, and Giuseppe Mulè. 2024. "Relationship Between Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Choroidal–Retinal Thicknesses Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertensive Subjects" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 12: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121123
APA StyleCarollo, C., Vadalà, M., Ferrara, M., Chisci, E., La Felice, A., Di Natale, K. V., Sorce, A., Bonfiglio, V. M. E., & Mulè, G. (2024). Relationship Between Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Choroidal–Retinal Thicknesses Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertensive Subjects. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(12), 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121123