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Article

Persistent Endothelial Lung Damage and Impaired Diffusion Capacity in Long COVID

by
Andreas T. Asimakos
1,†,
Alice G. Vassiliou
1,†,
Chrysi Keskinidou
1,
Stavroula Spetsioti
1,
Archontoula Antonoglou
1,
Charikleia S. Vrettou
1,
Panagiotis Mourelatos
2,
Aristidis Diamantopoulos
2,
Maria Pratikaki
3,
Nikolaos Athanasiou
1,
Edison Jahaj
1,
Parisis Gallos
4,
Anastasia Kotanidou
1,
Ioanna Dimopoulou
1,
Stylianos E. Orfanos
1 and
Paraskevi Katsaounou
1,*
1
First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
2
Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
3
Biochemical Department, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
4
Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Piraeus, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(9), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091351
Submission received: 24 July 2023 / Revised: 28 August 2023 / Accepted: 30 August 2023 / Published: 31 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Medicine for Post COVID and Long COVID)
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Abstract

Since the beginning of the pandemic, both COVID-19-associated coagulopathy biomarkers and a plethora of endothelial biomarkers have been proposed and tested as prognostic tools of severity and mortality prediction. As the pandemic is gradually being controlled, attention is now focusing on the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. In the present study, we investigated the role of endothelial activation/dysfunction in long COVID syndrome. This observational study included 68 consecutive long COVID patients and a healthy age and sex-matched control group. In both groups, we measured 13 endothelial biomarkers. Moreover, in the long COVID patients, we evaluated fatigue and dyspnea severity, lung diffusion capacity (DLCO), and the 6-min walk (6MWT) test as measures of functional capacity. Our results showed that markers of endothelial activation/dysfunction were higher in long COVID patients, and that soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) negatively correlated with lung diffusion and functional capacity (sICAM-1 vs. DLCO, r = −0.306, p = 0.018; vs. 6MWT, r = −0.263, p = 0.044; and sVCAM-1 vs. DLCO, r= −0.346, p = 0.008; vs. 6MWT, r = −0.504, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, evaluating endothelial biomarkers alongside clinical tests might yield more specific insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of long COVID manifestations.
Keywords: long COVID; endothelial biomarkers; DLCO; 6-min walk test; sICAM-1; sVCAM-1 long COVID; endothelial biomarkers; DLCO; 6-min walk test; sICAM-1; sVCAM-1

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MDPI and ACS Style

Asimakos, A.T.; Vassiliou, A.G.; Keskinidou, C.; Spetsioti, S.; Antonoglou, A.; Vrettou, C.S.; Mourelatos, P.; Diamantopoulos, A.; Pratikaki, M.; Athanasiou, N.; et al. Persistent Endothelial Lung Damage and Impaired Diffusion Capacity in Long COVID. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091351

AMA Style

Asimakos AT, Vassiliou AG, Keskinidou C, Spetsioti S, Antonoglou A, Vrettou CS, Mourelatos P, Diamantopoulos A, Pratikaki M, Athanasiou N, et al. Persistent Endothelial Lung Damage and Impaired Diffusion Capacity in Long COVID. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(9):1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091351

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asimakos, Andreas T., Alice G. Vassiliou, Chrysi Keskinidou, Stavroula Spetsioti, Archontoula Antonoglou, Charikleia S. Vrettou, Panagiotis Mourelatos, Aristidis Diamantopoulos, Maria Pratikaki, Nikolaos Athanasiou, and et al. 2023. "Persistent Endothelial Lung Damage and Impaired Diffusion Capacity in Long COVID" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 9: 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091351

APA Style

Asimakos, A. T., Vassiliou, A. G., Keskinidou, C., Spetsioti, S., Antonoglou, A., Vrettou, C. S., Mourelatos, P., Diamantopoulos, A., Pratikaki, M., Athanasiou, N., Jahaj, E., Gallos, P., Kotanidou, A., Dimopoulou, I., Orfanos, S. E., & Katsaounou, P. (2023). Persistent Endothelial Lung Damage and Impaired Diffusion Capacity in Long COVID. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(9), 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091351

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