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Article

Moderate Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Healthy Volunteers

by
Luca Giovanelli
1,
Mara Malacarne
1,
Massimo Pagani
2,
Gianni Biolo
3,
Igor B. Mekjavic
4,
Giuseppina Bernardelli
2,5 and
Daniela Lucini
1,2,*
1
BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
2
Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
4
Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
5
DISCCO Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040585
Submission received: 3 March 2023 / Revised: 22 March 2023 / Accepted: 22 March 2023 / Published: 27 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Diseases 2.0)
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Abstract

Physical inactivity increases cardiometabolic risk through a variety of mechanisms, among which alterations of immunological, metabolic, and autonomic control systems may play a pivotal role. Physical inactivity is frequently associated with other factors that may further worsen prognosis. The association between physical inactivity and hypoxia is particularly interesting and characterizes several conditions—whether physiological (e.g., residing or trekking at high altitude and space flights) or pathological (e.g., chronic cardiopulmonary diseases and COVID-19). In this randomized intervention study, we investigated the combined effects of physical inactivity and hypoxia on autonomic control in eleven healthy and physically active male volunteers, both at baseline (ambulatory) conditions and, in a randomized order, hypoxic ambulatory, hypoxic bedrest, and normoxic bedrest (i.e., a simple experimental model of physical inactivity). Autoregressive spectral analysis of cardiovascular variabilities was employed to assess cardiac autonomic control. Notably, we found hypoxia to be associated with an impairment of cardiac autonomic control, especially when combined with bedrest. In particular, we observed an impairment of indices of baroreflex control, a reduction in the marker of prevalent vagal control to the SA node, and an increase in the marker of sympathetic control to vasculature.
Keywords: physical activity; physical inactivity; aerobic exercise; bedrest; hypoxia; heart rate variability; autonomic nervous system; baroreflex sensitivity; vagal activity physical activity; physical inactivity; aerobic exercise; bedrest; hypoxia; heart rate variability; autonomic nervous system; baroreflex sensitivity; vagal activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Giovanelli, L.; Malacarne, M.; Pagani, M.; Biolo, G.; Mekjavic, I.B.; Bernardelli, G.; Lucini, D. Moderate Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Healthy Volunteers. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040585

AMA Style

Giovanelli L, Malacarne M, Pagani M, Biolo G, Mekjavic IB, Bernardelli G, Lucini D. Moderate Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(4):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040585

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanelli, Luca, Mara Malacarne, Massimo Pagani, Gianni Biolo, Igor B. Mekjavic, Giuseppina Bernardelli, and Daniela Lucini. 2023. "Moderate Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Healthy Volunteers" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 4: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040585

APA Style

Giovanelli, L., Malacarne, M., Pagani, M., Biolo, G., Mekjavic, I. B., Bernardelli, G., & Lucini, D. (2023). Moderate Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(4), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040585

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