Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Histological Markers
3. Serological Markers
4. MicroRNA
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | Type | Utility | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
p16 | Immunohistochemical | Better prognosis in patients with elevated expression | [8,35] |
Ki67 | Immunohistochemical | Higher expression is accompanied by a worse prognosis | [37] |
Caveolin 1 | Immunohistochemical | Higher expression is accompanied by a worse prognosis | [38] |
p53 | Immunohistochemical | Higher expression is accompanied by a worse prognosis | [39,40] |
PDL-1 | Immunohistochemical | Higher expression is accompanied by a worse prognosis; possible therapeutic target in penile carcinoma (NCT04224740) | [42] |
D2-40 | Density of lymphatic vessels. Immunohistochemistry. | High intratumoral lymphatic density major 2 had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 78% in predicting lymphatic metastasis invasion. | [48] |
CRP, albumin, and haptoglobin | Serological | No utility was found when used as serological markers in penile carcinoma. | [53] |
CRP | Serological | Preoperative elevation of CRP is accompanied by lymphovascular invasion. | [54] |
CCL20 (chemokine C-C ligands) | Serological | Preoperative serological levels were elevated compared to healthy controls: ROC of 0.855, sensitivity of 72.4%, and specificity of 93.5%. | [55] |
laminin gamma 2 (LAMC2) | Serological | Serological elevation is accompanied by a greater presence of lymphatic metastases and worse survival. | [56] |
miR-211-5p y miR-181d-5p | microRNA | Association with HPV-associated malignant lesions such as basaloid and verrucous carcinomas | [61] |
Infraexpresión de miR-137 y miR-328-3p | microRNA | Association with metastatic disease | [61] |
miR 138-5p | microRNA | Association with PDL1 expression in patients with carcinoma of the penis | [61] |
miR-1, miR-101, and miR-204 | microRNA | Underexpression is associated with lymphovascular and metastatic invasion in addition to presenting a worse prognosis. | [62] |
miR-223-3p, miR-107, and miR-21-5p | microRNA | More frequent in carcinoma of the penis compared to non-tumorous tissue | [63] |
miR-223-3p | microRNA | Overexpression is associated with a worse prognosis. | [63] |
miR-145 | microRNA | Underexpression is associated with perineural invasion. | [64] |
miR-31-5p, miR-224-5p, and miR-223-3p | microRNA | ROC curves 0.861, 0.739, and 0.733, respectively, for differentiating penile carcinoma from non-tumorous tissue | [65] |
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Pekarek, L.; Ortega, M.A.; Fraile-Martinez, O.; García-Montero, C.; Casanova, C.; Saez, M.A.; García-Honduvilla, N.; Alvarez-Mon, M.; Buján, J.; Diez-Nicolas, V.; et al. Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091364
Pekarek L, Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Casanova C, Saez MA, García-Honduvilla N, Alvarez-Mon M, Buján J, Diez-Nicolas V, et al. Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(9):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091364
Chicago/Turabian StylePekarek, Leonel, Miguel A. Ortega, Oscar Fraile-Martinez, Cielo García-Montero, Carlos Casanova, Miguel A. Saez, Natalio García-Honduvilla, Melchor Alvarez-Mon, Julia Buján, Victor Diez-Nicolas, and et al. 2022. "Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091364
APA StylePekarek, L., Ortega, M. A., Fraile-Martinez, O., García-Montero, C., Casanova, C., Saez, M. A., García-Honduvilla, N., Alvarez-Mon, M., Buján, J., Diez-Nicolas, V., Burgos, J. F., & Gomez Dos Santos, V. (2022). Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(9), 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091364