Emotional Reaction to the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine: Postvaccination Decline in Anxiety and Stress among Anxious Individuals and Increase among Individuals with Normal Prevaccination Anxiety Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Setting, and Sampling
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Data Collection Procedure and Ethical Considerations
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strength, Implications, and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Before Vaccination n (%) | After Vaccination n (%) |
---|---|---|
Stress | ||
No stress = 0–7 | 185 (74.0) | 217 (86.8) |
Mild = 8–9 | 13 (5.2) | 12 (4.8) |
Moderate = 10–12 | 20 (8.0) | 13 (5.2) |
Severe = 13–16 | 20 (8.0) | 8 (3.2) |
Extremely severe ≥ 17 | 12 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) |
Anxiety | ||
Normal = 0–3 | 126 (50.4) | 97 (38.8) |
Mild = 4–5 | 31 (12.4) | 40 (16.0) |
Moderate = 6–7 | 46 (18.4) | 82 (32.8) |
Severe = 8–9 | 10 (4.0) | 17 (6.8) |
Extremely severe ≥ 10 | 37 (14.8) | 14 (5.6) |
Characteristics of the Respondents | n (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 70 (28) |
Female | 180 (72) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 46 (18.4) |
Married | 166 (66.4) |
Divorce | 15 (6.0) |
Widow | 23 (9.2) |
Educational Level | |
Secondary and less | 72 (28.8) |
Higher than secondary | 178 (71.2) |
Age in Years | |
Mean (SD) | 43.18 (6.34) |
Range | 18–63 |
COVID-19 Infection History | |
Yes | 19 (7.6) |
No | 231 (92.4) |
Pain at Injection Site | |
Mild | 204 (81.6) |
Moderate | 40 (16.0) |
Severe | 6 (2.4) |
Variables | Samples | MD (IQR) before Vaccination | MD (IQR) after Vaccination | z of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | p | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress | Whole sample (n = 250) | 5.0 (1.0–8.0) | 4.0 (1.0–7.0) | −3.81 | 0.001 | 0.17 |
Anxiety | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 5.0 (1.0–7.0) | −0.53 | 0.597 | 0.02 | |
Stress | Normal anxiety (n = 126) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 4.5 (0.0–6.3) | −3.57 | 0.001 | 0.16 |
Anxiety | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 5.0 (0.0–7.0) | −8.24 | 0.001 | 0.37 | |
Stress | Mild anxiety (n = 31) | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 3.0 (3.0–5.0) | −1.28 | 0.201 | 0.06 |
Anxiety | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 3.0 (3.0–5.0) | −2.70 | 0.007 | 0.12 | |
Stress | Moderate–severe anxiety (n = 93) | 8.0 (7.0–14.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | −7.13 | 0.001 | 0.32 |
Anxiety | 8.0 (7.0–13.0) | 6.0 (1.0–8.0) | −7.27 | 0.001 | 0.33 |
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Al-Amer, R.; Malak, M.Z.; Burqan, H.M.R.; Stănculescu, E.; Nalubega, S.; Alkhamees, A.A.; Hendawy, A.O.; Ali, A.M. Emotional Reaction to the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine: Postvaccination Decline in Anxiety and Stress among Anxious Individuals and Increase among Individuals with Normal Prevaccination Anxiety Levels. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060912
Al-Amer R, Malak MZ, Burqan HMR, Stănculescu E, Nalubega S, Alkhamees AA, Hendawy AO, Ali AM. Emotional Reaction to the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine: Postvaccination Decline in Anxiety and Stress among Anxious Individuals and Increase among Individuals with Normal Prevaccination Anxiety Levels. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(6):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060912
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Amer, Rasmieh, Malakeh Z. Malak, Hala Mohammad Ramadan Burqan, Elena Stănculescu, Sylivia Nalubega, Abdulmajeed A. Alkhamees, Amin Omar Hendawy, and Amira Mohammed Ali. 2022. "Emotional Reaction to the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine: Postvaccination Decline in Anxiety and Stress among Anxious Individuals and Increase among Individuals with Normal Prevaccination Anxiety Levels" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 6: 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060912