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Volume 12
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10.3390/jpm12010049
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Article

Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson’s Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study

by
Brian Bicknell
1,*,
Ann Liebert
2,3,
Craig S. McLachlan
4 and
Hosen Kiat
4,5,6
1
Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 40 Edward St, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
2
Research Governance Office, Sydney Adventist Hospital, 185 Fox Valley Rd, Sydney, NSW 2076, Australia
3
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
4
Centre for Healthy Futures, Torrens University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
5
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Ryde, NSW 2129, Australia
6
Cardiac Health Institute, Melbourne, NSW 2121, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010049
Submission received: 30 November 2021 / Revised: 19 December 2021 / Accepted: 29 December 2021 / Published: 5 January 2022
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Abstract

There is a paucity of information on the effect of photobiomodulation therapy on gut microbiome composition. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder with few management options, although the gut microbiome has been suggested as a potential avenue of treatment. We retrospectively analysed the microbiome from human stool samples from a previously published study, which had demonstrated the efficacy of photobiomodulation to treat Parkinson’s patients’ symptoms. Specifically, we have observed changes in the microbiome of Parkinson’s patients after a 12-week treatment regimen with photobiomodulation to the abdomen, neck, head and nose. Noted were positive changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio, which is often interpreted as a proxy for gut health.
Keywords: microbiome; Parkinson’s disease; photobiomodulation microbiome; Parkinson’s disease; photobiomodulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bicknell, B.; Liebert, A.; McLachlan, C.S.; Kiat, H. Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson’s Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010049

AMA Style

Bicknell B, Liebert A, McLachlan CS, Kiat H. Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson’s Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(1):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010049

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bicknell, Brian, Ann Liebert, Craig S. McLachlan, and Hosen Kiat. 2022. "Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson’s Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 1: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010049

APA Style

Bicknell, B., Liebert, A., McLachlan, C. S., & Kiat, H. (2022). Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson’s Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010049

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