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Diagnostics
Volume 16
Issue 17
10.3390/diagnostics16172714
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Trophoblast Enrichment by Maternal Immune-Cell Depletion Using CD45 and CD56 Surface Markers in Trophoblast Retrieval and Isolation from the Cervix (TRIC)

by
Heeyeon Jang
1,2,
Hyun Ji Son
2,
Minyeon Go
1,2,
Jong Chul Kim
2,
Ji Eun Park
2,
Hyunjin Kim
2,
Hee Jin Park
3,
Soo Hyun Kim
3,
Sung Shin Shim
3,
You Jung Han
3,
Young Jin Lee
2,
Sung Han Shim
1,* and
Dong Hyun Cha
3,*
1
Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
2
Center for Genome Diagnostics, CHA Biotech Inc., Seoul 06125, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2026, 16(17), 2714; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172714
Submission received: 17 July 2026 / Revised: 18 August 2026 / Accepted: 24 August 2026 / Published: 25 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Obstetrics and Gynecology Diagnostics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Trophoblast retrieval and isolation from the cervix (TRIC) has emerged as a promising alternative to invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures. However, contamination by maternal immune cells remains a major challenge that may compromise trophoblast purity and the reliability of downstream fetal genetic analyses. Methods: Maternal immune cells were selectively depleted by immunomagnetic sorting using antibodies targeting CD45 or CD56. The remaining cells were subsequently enriched for HLA-G-positive trophoblasts and characterized by immunofluorescence and gene-expression analyses using CD45, CD56, HLA-G, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Results: Compared with CD45-mediated depletion, CD56-mediated depletion demonstrated more efficient removal of maternal immune cells, as indicated by significantly reduced CD56 expression. CK7 expression showed an increasing trend following CD56 depletion, whereas β-hCG expression remained largely unchanged. Immunofluorescence analysis further demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of CK7+/β-hCG+ trophoblast cells after CD56 depletion. Conclusions: Among the evaluated depletion strategies, CD56-mediated depletion demonstrated a more favorable profile for trophoblast-associated characteristics than CD45-mediated depletion, suggesting its potential contribution to further methodological optimization of trophoblast isolation in TRIC-based noninvasive prenatal genetic testing.
Keywords: trophoblast retrieval and isolation from the cervix (TRIC); prenatal testing; trophoblast; maternal immune cell trophoblast retrieval and isolation from the cervix (TRIC); prenatal testing; trophoblast; maternal immune cell

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jang, H.; Son, H.J.; Go, M.; Kim, J.C.; Park, J.E.; Kim, H.; Park, H.J.; Kim, S.H.; Shim, S.S.; Han, Y.J.; et al. Trophoblast Enrichment by Maternal Immune-Cell Depletion Using CD45 and CD56 Surface Markers in Trophoblast Retrieval and Isolation from the Cervix (TRIC). Diagnostics 2026, 16, 2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172714

AMA Style

Jang H, Son HJ, Go M, Kim JC, Park JE, Kim H, Park HJ, Kim SH, Shim SS, Han YJ, et al. Trophoblast Enrichment by Maternal Immune-Cell Depletion Using CD45 and CD56 Surface Markers in Trophoblast Retrieval and Isolation from the Cervix (TRIC). Diagnostics. 2026; 16(17):2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172714

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jang, Heeyeon, Hyun Ji Son, Minyeon Go, Jong Chul Kim, Ji Eun Park, Hyunjin Kim, Hee Jin Park, Soo Hyun Kim, Sung Shin Shim, You Jung Han, and et al. 2026. "Trophoblast Enrichment by Maternal Immune-Cell Depletion Using CD45 and CD56 Surface Markers in Trophoblast Retrieval and Isolation from the Cervix (TRIC)" Diagnostics 16, no. 17: 2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172714

APA Style

Jang, H., Son, H. J., Go, M., Kim, J. C., Park, J. E., Kim, H., Park, H. J., Kim, S. H., Shim, S. S., Han, Y. J., Lee, Y. J., Shim, S. H., & Cha, D. H. (2026). Trophoblast Enrichment by Maternal Immune-Cell Depletion Using CD45 and CD56 Surface Markers in Trophoblast Retrieval and Isolation from the Cervix (TRIC). Diagnostics, 16(17), 2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172714

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