Hybrid Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Emphasis on Their Clinical, Morphological and Genetic Features
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Schwannoma–Perineurioma
4.2. Schwannoma–Neurofibroma
4.3. Perineurioma–Neurofibroma
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HPNSTs | Hybrid Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors |
WHO | World Health Organization |
PNSTs | Peripheral nerve sheath tumors |
MPNSTs | Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors |
MeSH | Medical Subject Headings |
IHC | Immunohistochemical |
NF1 | Neurofibromatosis type 1 |
BCPHTPCN | Benign cutaneous plexiform hybrid tumor of perineurioma and cellular neurothekeoma |
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Epidemiology | Sites | Histopathology | IHC | Genetic Associations | Tumor Syndromes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schwannoma | All ages; M = F | Limbs | Biphasic: compact hypercellular Antoni A areas and myxoid hypocellular Antoni B areas; nuclear palisading around fibrillary process (Verocay bodies). | S100 + SOX10 + Podoplanin + EMA- | SMARCB1 NF2 | Neurofibromatosis type 2, schwannomatosis, Carney complex |
Neurofibroma | Second–third decades; M = F | Body surface usually in the head and neck region | Schwann cells with wire-like collagen fibrils, stromal mucosubstances, mast cells, Wagner–Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, axons, fibroblasts, and collagen. | S100 + CD34 + SOX10 + Factor XIIIa + Calretinin + EMA + Podoplanin + | NF1 | Neurofibromatosis type 1 |
Perineurioma | Young adults; M = F | Limbs | Multiple small “onion bulbs” expanding the affected nerve, consisting of concentric layers of perineurial cells ensheathing a central axon and Schwann cell | EMA + CD34 + S100 + GFAP – CD57 − | TRAF7 NF1 NF2 | No |
Author | Cases (n) | Gender | Age | Anatomic Site | PNST Type | Follow-Up | Histopathology | Genetic Associations | Tumor Syndromes | Imaging | Local Recurrence | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agaimy [10] | 2 | 1 female 1 male | 50; 17 | gastric antrum; vermiform appendix | Schwannoma–perineurioma | 8–12 months | storiform, lamellar, fascicular patterns | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Bergamini [11] | 1 | Female | 54 | mandibular body | Schwannoma–perineurioma | 2 years | spindle to epithelioid cells; wavy and hyperchromatic nuclei. | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Chow [4] | 1 | Male | 18 | femur | Schwannoma–perineurioma | 7 months | storiform pattern; wavy nuclei | No | No | Plain radiograph: displaced fracture in right femur diaphysis with expansile osteolytic lesion with well-defined borders. | No | surgery |
Lang [12] | 1 | Female | 28 | tibia | Schwannoma–perineurioma | 8 months | bland-looking spindle to epithelioid cells | No | No | Radiological examination revealed an oval eccentric osteolytic lesion in the proximal tibia. | No | surgery |
Hornick [13] | 42 | 22 female 20 male | mean age: 38 y; range: 2 to 85 | lower limb (19), upper limb (12), head and neck (6), trunk (4), colon (1) | Schwannoma–perineurioma | 24 months | storiform, whorled/lamellar pattern. Infiltrative margins in 1 case | No | No | N.A. | 1/42 | surgery |
Singh [14] | 24 | 15 Female 9 Male | mean age: 50 years (range: 24–78 years) | spinal roots (19) intramuscular (5) | Schwannoma--perineurioma | N.A. | dual Schwannian and perineural differentiation. | No | No | MRI: lobular contour, ancient changes, fascicular sign, entering nerve sign, exiting nerve sign, target sign, and split fat sign | No | surgery |
Ud Din [15] | 5 | 1 female 4 male | mean: 24 years; median: 12 years | big toe of left foot (1), soft tissue of left thigh (1), soft tissue of right thigh (1), soft tissue of neck region (1), retroperitoneum (1) | Schwannoma–perineurioma (3), neurofibroma–perineurioma (1), schwannoma–neurofibroma (1) | N.A. | Spindle cells | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Michal [3] | 6 | 5 Female 1 Male | mean age: 33 years | fingers (5), thenar eminence of the hand (1) | Schwannoma–retiform perineurioma | N.A. | myxoid and pseudocystic changes. | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Kuroda [16] | 1 | Male | 58 | middle meatus of the nose | Schwannoma–neurofibroma–perineurioma | N.A. | schwannoma, neurofibroma, and perineurioma differentiation. | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Chijiiwa [17] | 1 | Male | 41 | right thigh | Schwannoma–neurofibroma | N.A. | dual histology (schwannoma and neurofibroma). | No | No | Well-circumscribed intramuscular mass with low-to-intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and higher signal intensity peripherally and lower signal intensity centrally | No | surgery |
Leite [18] | 1 | Female | 68 | lower vestibule | Neurofibroma–schwannoma | N.A. | dual histology (schwannoma and neurofibroma). | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Emanuel [19]. | 1 | Male | 48 | colon | Perineurioma–schwannoma | N.A. | whorling or storiform growth pattern mixed with spindle wavy cells | No | No | Colonoscopy and computed tomography scan revealed an obstructing colonic mass, causing intussusception and pneumatosis of the descending/upper sigmoid colon and necessitating an emergency left hemicolectomy | No | surgery |
Colazo [20] | 1 | Male | 74 | ulnar nerve | Neurofibroma–schwannoma | N.A. | “thumbprint” pattern of neurofibroma; spindled cells arranged in fascicles and palisades | BRAF, TERT and NF2 | No | suspicious for a PNST, but an ultrasound-guided biopsy was equivocal; mimicked glandular schwannoma | No | surgery |
Goyal-Honavar [21] | 1 | Female | 22 | trigeminal nerve | Schwannoma–perineurioma. | 5 months | biphasic pattern with areas of spindle-shaped cells | No | No | MRI: solid and cystic extra-axial tumor in the right cerebellopontine angle cistern | No | surgery |
Hong [22] | 1 | Male | 54 | orbit | Neurofibroma–schwannoma | 4 months | spindle cells | No | No | MRI: well-demarcated tumor of 43 mm compressing the optic nerve medially | No | surgery |
Kacerovska [8] | 4 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Schwannian–perineurioma (3) neurofibroma–perineurioma (1) | N.A. | spindle cells | NF1 | Type 1 neurofibromatosis | N.A. | No | surgery |
Mitsui [23] | 3 | N.A. | N.A. | upper back, forearm, and thigh | Schwannoma–neurofibroma | N.A. | spindle cells | No | No | N.A. | No | surgery |
Yusuke Inatomi [24] | 1 | Male | 30 | head | Perineurioma–neurofibroma | 2 months | N.A. | NF1 | Type 1 neurofibromatosis | N.A. | No | surgery |
Harder [25] | 14 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Neurofibroma–schwannoma | N.A. | N.A. | NF2 | Schwannomatosis | N.A. | No | surgery |
McLaughlin [26] | 1 | Male | 30 | upper thoracic–region | Schwannoma–perineurioma–neurofibroma | 5 years | schwannoma, neurofibroma, and perineurioma differentiation. | NF1 | Type 1 neurofibromatosis | N.A. | No | surgery |
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Salzano, S.; Caltabiano, R.; Zanelli, M.; Palicelli, A.; Zizzo, M.; Koufopoulos, N.; Boutas, I.; Magro, G.; Barresi, V.; Broggi, G. Hybrid Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Emphasis on Their Clinical, Morphological and Genetic Features. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070855
Salzano S, Caltabiano R, Zanelli M, Palicelli A, Zizzo M, Koufopoulos N, Boutas I, Magro G, Barresi V, Broggi G. Hybrid Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Emphasis on Their Clinical, Morphological and Genetic Features. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(7):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070855
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalzano, Serena, Rosario Caltabiano, Magda Zanelli, Andrea Palicelli, Maurizio Zizzo, Nektarios Koufopoulos, Ioannis Boutas, Gaetano Magro, Valeria Barresi, and Giuseppe Broggi. 2025. "Hybrid Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Emphasis on Their Clinical, Morphological and Genetic Features" Diagnostics 15, no. 7: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070855
APA StyleSalzano, S., Caltabiano, R., Zanelli, M., Palicelli, A., Zizzo, M., Koufopoulos, N., Boutas, I., Magro, G., Barresi, V., & Broggi, G. (2025). Hybrid Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Emphasis on Their Clinical, Morphological and Genetic Features. Diagnostics, 15(7), 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070855