The Link Between the Applied Visual Strategy When Copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Language Abilities in Children with Specific Language Impairment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Visuoperceptual Skills Assessment
2.2.2. Speech-Language Assessment
2.2.3. Cognitive Assessment
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Among children with SLI up to 9, two strategies were identified while copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure: some employed a mature strategy using gestalt principles to integrate parts into a whole. In contrast, others used a fragmented strategy, copying parts of the figure without clear organization or integration into a whole.
- Children with SLI who used a less mature drawing strategy particularly exhibited deficits in processing linguistic information requiring simultaneous listening and observing of the examiner.
- The results support the conclusion that there are neurocognitive mechanisms underlying both grammatical deficits and visuospatial deficits.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SLI | Specific language impairment |
ROCF | The Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure |
PPVT-III-HR | The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test |
BNT | The Boston Naming Test |
GAT | The Global Articulation Test |
Appendix A. Strategies Used When Copying ROCF
Appendix B. Grammatical Judgment Test
- Pas grize mačka.
- 2.
- On će da ide kod zubara.
- 3.
- Slika je iznad kreveta.
- 4.
- To je staklena vaza.
- 5.
- Luka i Aleksa čita knjigu.
- 6.
- Ja se zovem Marko.
- 7.
- On se kupa.
- 8.
- Ja neće supu.
- 9.
- Sofija i njena sestra idu u vrtić.
- 10.
- Dečaka guraju devojčica.
- 11.
- Oblači ona se.
- 12.
- Devojčica drži lutku.
- 13.
- Dečak ne majku budi.
- 14.
- Dečaka gura devojčicu.
- 15.
- Mama ljulja bebi.
- 16.
- On neće da kupi olovku.
- 17.
- Vidi, eno ga Sara!
- 18.
- Mama je bio na bazenu.
- 19.
- On češlja svako jutro.
- 20.
- Marina će da ide kući.
- 21.
- Lazar neće jede bananu.
- 22.
- Moj drug David i njen mama idu u prodavnicu.
- 23.
- Slona hrane deca.
- 24.
- Sneg pada juče.
- 25.
- Vuk je pojurio lisicu.
- 26.
- Kiša je padala pre dva dana.
- 27.
- On je došao mamom.
- 28.
- Pčela živi u košnici.
- 29.
- Lopta je ispod sto.
- 30.
- Ja sam se igrao sa sekom.
- 31.
- Lekar ne prodaje cveće.
- 32.
- Sova živi šuma.
- 33.
- Oni šetaju kroz šumu.
- 34.
- To je plava sto.
- 35.
- Mama gura kolica.
- 36.
- Ema se obuva.
- 37.
- Mi cemo idemo u bioskop.
- 38.
- Moj brat je bio u zoološkom vrtu.
- 39.
- Ja se zove Petar.
- 40.
- Ja hoću vodu.
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Gender | Age | IQm | IQv | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | f | |||||
Group I | 15 (83.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 87.56 (12.38) | 103.44 (15.24) | 89.11 (12.06) | 18 |
Group II | 14 (73.7%) | 5 (26.3%) | 81.84 (11.75) | 100.05 (12.15) | 82.42 (12.72) | 19 |
M | SD | Min | Max | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ROCF | Group I | 19.78 | 7.49 | 6 | 33 |
Group II | 12.18 | 5.04 | 6 | 23.5 | |
PPVT-III-HR | Group I | 85.00 | 19.91 | 43 | 110 |
Group II | 85.16 | 12.39 | 64 | 104 | |
BNT | Group I | 27.22 | 6.25 | 14 | 36 |
Group II | 25.74 | 6.04 | 16 | 36 | |
Token Test | Group I | 95.67 | 34.54 | 28 | 135 |
Group II | 79.37 | 29.59 | 39 | 135 | |
Grammatical Judgment | Group I | 31.11 | 4.46 | 21 | 38 |
Group II | 25.32 | 6.65 | 11 | 37 | |
The Children’s Grammar | Group I | 18.94 | 3.06 | 13 | 23 |
Group II | 14.84 | 4.73 | 6 | 25 | |
GAT | Group I | 27.22 | 1.90 | 23 | 30 |
Group II | 24.58 | 2.44 | 20 | 30 |
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Milanović, I.; Paštar, M.; Žunić, S.; Marisavljević, M.; Vuković, M.; Janjić, V.; Đorđić, M.; Subotić, M. The Link Between the Applied Visual Strategy When Copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Language Abilities in Children with Specific Language Impairment. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070851
Milanović I, Paštar M, Žunić S, Marisavljević M, Vuković M, Janjić V, Đorđić M, Subotić M. The Link Between the Applied Visual Strategy When Copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Language Abilities in Children with Specific Language Impairment. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(7):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070851
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilanović, Ivana, Milena Paštar, Saška Žunić, Maša Marisavljević, Mile Vuković, Vladimir Janjić, Milan Đorđić, and Miško Subotić. 2025. "The Link Between the Applied Visual Strategy When Copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Language Abilities in Children with Specific Language Impairment" Diagnostics 15, no. 7: 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070851
APA StyleMilanović, I., Paštar, M., Žunić, S., Marisavljević, M., Vuković, M., Janjić, V., Đorđić, M., & Subotić, M. (2025). The Link Between the Applied Visual Strategy When Copying the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Language Abilities in Children with Specific Language Impairment. Diagnostics, 15(7), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070851