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Article

Comparative Analysis and Validation of the IMPEDED VTE, IMPEDE VTE, and SAVED Risk Models in Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Study in Türkiye

by
Vildan Gursoy
1,*,
Mehmet Baysal
2,
Sevil Sadri
3,
Fazil Cagri Hunutlu
1,
Tuba Ersal
1,
Ozgur Omer Gul
4,
Elif Kose
4,
Esra Celik
5,
Serap Baysal
6,
Tuğba Gullu Koca
1,
Sinem Cubukcu
1,
Ezel Ergun
1,
Seyma Yavuz
1,
Vildan Ozkocaman
1 and
Fahir Ozkalemkas
1
1
The Division of Hematology, The Department of Internal Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Türkiye
2
The Department of Hematology, Tekirdag İ. Fehmi Cumalioglu City Hospital, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye
3
The Division of Hematology, The Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16250 Bursa, Türkiye
4
The Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16250 Bursa, Türkiye
5
The Department of Internal Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Türkiye
6
The Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2025, 15(5), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050633
Submission received: 27 January 2025 / Revised: 3 March 2025 / Accepted: 4 March 2025 / Published: 5 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)
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Abstract

Background: Several thrombotic risk assessment models have been proposed for identifying patients with a high risk of thrombosis (the IMPEDE venous thromboembolism (VTE), SAVED, and PRISM scores) in multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, adding a biomarker (D-dimer) for the IMPEDE VTE score has shown that it can boost the detection power of IMPEDED VTE. However, data from studies comparing these models in MM are scarce. Even real-world data arguing the utility of thrombotic risk assessment models in MM from low- or middle-income countries like Türkiye are lacking. Methods: We aimed to show the possibility of detecting VTE using the IMPEDED VTE score in our cohort by retrospectively screening MM patients. Therefore, we aimed to compare the IMPEDE VTE, SAVED and IMPEDED VTE scoring models. Results: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 455 MM patients from three centers in Bursa, Türkiye, evaluating the incidence of VTE within six months of the treatment. The IMPEDED VTE score showed superior predictive accuracy (c-statistic of 0.701), compared to the IMPEDE VTE (0.618) and SAVED (0.633) scores, demonstrating the added value of D-dimer as a biomarker. The cumulative incidence of VTE in the cohort was 10.7%, comparable to rates observed in real-world studies. Conclusions: Despite the interventions and thrombotic risk assessment models, thrombosis remains a high-risk entity. Personalized risk assessment tools, such as IMPEDED VTE, could be used to manage thrombotic risk in MM patients, particularly in resource-limited settings. Albeit the thromboprophylaxis (51.6%), our findings support the utility of biomarker-enhanced models for better VTE-risk stratification, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Keywords: IMPEDE VTE; IMPEDED VTE; multiple myeloma; thrombotic risk scores; venous thromboembolism IMPEDE VTE; IMPEDED VTE; multiple myeloma; thrombotic risk scores; venous thromboembolism

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gursoy, V.; Baysal, M.; Sadri, S.; Hunutlu, F.C.; Ersal, T.; Gul, O.O.; Kose, E.; Celik, E.; Baysal, S.; Gullu Koca, T.; et al. Comparative Analysis and Validation of the IMPEDED VTE, IMPEDE VTE, and SAVED Risk Models in Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Study in Türkiye. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050633

AMA Style

Gursoy V, Baysal M, Sadri S, Hunutlu FC, Ersal T, Gul OO, Kose E, Celik E, Baysal S, Gullu Koca T, et al. Comparative Analysis and Validation of the IMPEDED VTE, IMPEDE VTE, and SAVED Risk Models in Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Study in Türkiye. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(5):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050633

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gursoy, Vildan, Mehmet Baysal, Sevil Sadri, Fazil Cagri Hunutlu, Tuba Ersal, Ozgur Omer Gul, Elif Kose, Esra Celik, Serap Baysal, Tuğba Gullu Koca, and et al. 2025. "Comparative Analysis and Validation of the IMPEDED VTE, IMPEDE VTE, and SAVED Risk Models in Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Study in Türkiye" Diagnostics 15, no. 5: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050633

APA Style

Gursoy, V., Baysal, M., Sadri, S., Hunutlu, F. C., Ersal, T., Gul, O. O., Kose, E., Celik, E., Baysal, S., Gullu Koca, T., Cubukcu, S., Ergun, E., Yavuz, S., Ozkocaman, V., & Ozkalemkas, F. (2025). Comparative Analysis and Validation of the IMPEDED VTE, IMPEDE VTE, and SAVED Risk Models in Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Study in Türkiye. Diagnostics, 15(5), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050633

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