Noninvasive NMR/MRS Metabolic Parameters to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Experiment
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Biophysical Characteristics
2.4. Biochemical Blood Analysis
2.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Abdominal Fat Detection
2.6. Single-Voxel Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS) for Liver and Psoas Muscular Fat Detection
2.7. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Acquisition and Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biophysical Parameters
3.2. Blood Biochemical Measurements
3.3. Abdominal Fat Compartments and Laboratory Characteristics
3.4. Liver Fat Content (LFC) and Laboratory Characteristics
3.5. Psoas Muscular Fat Content and Laboratory Characteristics
3.6. 1H NMR Metabolomic Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Normal Chow Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|
g (Gram) | kcal (Kilocalorie) | %E (Energy Percentage) | |
Carbohydrate | 495.30 | 1981.20 | 51.99 |
Fat | 83.70 | 753.30 | 19.77 |
Protein | 269.00 | 1076.00 | 28.24 |
Vitamins | 65.40 | - | - |
Fiber | 34.30 | - | - |
Total | 947.70 | 3810.50 | 100 |
kcal/g | 4.02 kcal/g |
Composition | High Fat Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|
g (Gram) | kcal (Kilocalorie) | %E (Energy Percentage) | |
Carbohydrate | 190.76 | 763.04 | 14.27 |
Fat | 342.24 | 3080.16 | 57.60 |
Protein | 353.60 | 1414.40 | 26.45 |
Cholesterol | 10 | 90 | 1.68 |
Vitamins | 85.19 | - | - |
DL-Methionine | 3 | - | - |
Fiber | 13.21 | - | - |
Yeast powder | 1 | - | - |
Sodium chloride | 1 | - | - |
Total | 1000 | 5347.60 | 100 |
kcal/g | 5.35 kcal/g |
Parameters | ND | HFD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Food intake (g) | 23.1 ± 0.97 | 22.2 ± 3.02 | 0.50 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 92.96 ± 3.89 | 118.8 ± 16.14 | <0.05 * |
Body weight (g) | 540 ± 42.43 | 733.33 ± 132.46 | <0.05 * |
Blood TG (mg/dL) | 95.61 ± 22.08 | 104.05 ± 30.65 | 0.60 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 92 ± 20.14 | 125.41 ± 14.48 | <0.05 * |
FG (mg/dL) | 113.09 ± 18.56 | 124.12 ± 23.51 | 0.39 |
Parameters | ND | HFD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Abd fat % | 31.31 ± 12.65 | 43.60 ± 7.31 | <0.05 * |
Vis fat % | 29.50 ± 11.42 | 40.41 ± 7.80 | <0.05 * |
SC fat % | 1.81 ± 1.78 | 3.19 ± 2.39 | 0.211 |
LFC | 3.14 ± 1.39 | 60.40 ± 12.90 | <0.001 ** |
Psoas muscular fat | 3.35 ± 3.01 | 6.25 ± 0.72 | 0.111 |
No. | Assigned Metabolites | ppm, δ | ND | HFD | p-Value | Change % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
1 | Unsaturated lipid (CH=CH) | 5.3 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.011 ± 0.004 | 0.591 | 9.64% |
2 | Alpha glucose | 5.23 | 0.019 ± 0.004 | 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.113 | 10.05% |
3 | Beta glucose | 4.63 | 0.022 ± 0.004 | 0.024 ± 0.002 | 0.193 | 7.94% |
4 | Lactate | 4.1 | 0.047 ± 0.01 | 0.065 ± 0.011 | <0.05 | 34.96% |
5 | Total glucose | 3.35–3.92 | 0.4 ± 0.035 | 0.416 ± 0.033 | 0.261 | 3.83% |
6 | TMAO | 3.25 | 0.016 ± 0.003 | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.125 | 9.82% |
7 | Carnitine | 3.23 | 0.022 ± 0.003 | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 0.717 | 1.71% |
8 | Choline | 3.21 | 0.037 ± 0.006 | 0.033 ± 0.005 | 0.097 | −10.05% |
9 | Creatine | 3.04 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.004 | 0.299 | 18.67% |
10 | Glutamine | 2.45 | 0.013 ± 0.005 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.7 | −4.30% |
11 | Glutamate | 2.34 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.285 | −13.18% |
12 | Acetoacetate | 2.22 | 0.006 ± 0.003 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | <0.05 | −50.94% |
13 | N-acetyl glycoprotein | 2.14 | 0.029 ± 0.004 | 0.036 ± 0.007 | <0.05 | 22.49% |
14 | Unsaturated lipid (=CH2) | 2.02 | 0.046 ± 0.010 | 0.048 ± 0.011 | 0.696 | 3.63% |
15 | Lysine | 1.91 | 0.011 ± 0.005 | 0.012 ± 0.003 | 0.686 | 5.80% |
16 | Alanine | 1.48 | 0.016 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | 0.774 | −2.16% |
17 | Lactate | 1.3 | 0.089 ± 0.017 | 0.121 ± 0.049 | <0.05 | 36.13% |
18 | (-CH2)n VLDL/LDL | 1.27 | 0.048 ± 0.025 | 0.085 ± 0.03 | <0.05 | 76.02% |
19 | 3 hydroxybutyrate | 1.17 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.011 ± 0.004 | 0.596 | −7.05% |
20 | Valine | 1.047 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | <0.05 | −18.03% |
21 | Isoleucine | 1.02 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.264 | −11.41% |
22 | Valine | 0.996 | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.007 ± 0.001 | <0.05 | −25.79% |
23 | Leucine | 0.96 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | 0.014 ± 0.007 | 0.881 | 2.16% |
24 | (-CH3) VLDL/LDL | 0.87 | 0.041 ± 0.019 | 0.043 ± 0.01 | 0.765 | 4.65% |
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Htun, K.T.; Jaikumkao, K.; Pan, J.; Moe Moe, A.T.; Intachai, N.; Promsan, S.; Lungkaphin, A.; Tapanya, M.; Pasanta, D.; Tungjai, M.; et al. Noninvasive NMR/MRS Metabolic Parameters to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071621
Htun KT, Jaikumkao K, Pan J, Moe Moe AT, Intachai N, Promsan S, Lungkaphin A, Tapanya M, Pasanta D, Tungjai M, et al. Noninvasive NMR/MRS Metabolic Parameters to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(7):1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071621
Chicago/Turabian StyleHtun, Khin Thandar, Krit Jaikumkao, Jie Pan, Aye Thidar Moe Moe, Nuttawadee Intachai, Sasivimon Promsan, Anusorn Lungkaphin, Monruedee Tapanya, Duanghathai Pasanta, Montree Tungjai, and et al. 2022. "Noninvasive NMR/MRS Metabolic Parameters to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome in Rats" Diagnostics 12, no. 7: 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071621