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Review

How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes?

by
Valeria Calcaterra
1,2,*,
Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
2,†,
Alice Bianchi
2,†,
Virginia Rossi
2,†,
Alessandro Gatti
3,
Luca Marin
3,
Matteo Vandoni
3 and
Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
2,4
1
Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
2
Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
3
Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
4
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Life 2024, 14(9), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091198
Submission received: 31 August 2024 / Revised: 16 September 2024 / Accepted: 19 September 2024 / Published: 21 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)
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Abstract

Skeletal muscle secretome, through its paracrine and endocrine functions, contributes to the maintenance and regulation of overall physiological health. We conducted a narrative review on the role of skeletal muscle and exercise in maintaining glucose homeostasis, driving insulin resistance (IR), and preventing type 2 diabetes in pediatric populations, especially in the context of overweight and obesity. Myokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-15, as well as irisin, myonectin, and myostatin, appear to play a crucial role in IR. Skeletal muscle can also become a target of obesity-induced and IR-induced inflammation. In the correlation between muscle, IR, and inflammation, the role of infiltration of the immune cells and the microvasculature may also be considered. It remains unclear which exercise approach is the best; however, combining aerobic exercise with resistance training seems to be the most effective strategy for managing IR, with high-intensity activities offering superior metabolic benefits and long-term adherence. Encouraging daily participation in enjoyable and engaging exercise is key for long-term commitment and effective glucose metabolism management. Promoting physical activity in children and adolescents must be a top priority for public health, not only in terms of individual quality of life and well-being but also for community health.
Keywords: adolescents; children; exercise; health; insulin resistance; skeletal muscle; type 2 diabetes adolescents; children; exercise; health; insulin resistance; skeletal muscle; type 2 diabetes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Calcaterra, V.; Magenes, V.C.; Bianchi, A.; Rossi, V.; Gatti, A.; Marin, L.; Vandoni, M.; Zuccotti, G. How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes? Life 2024, 14, 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091198

AMA Style

Calcaterra V, Magenes VC, Bianchi A, Rossi V, Gatti A, Marin L, Vandoni M, Zuccotti G. How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes? Life. 2024; 14(9):1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091198

Chicago/Turabian Style

Calcaterra, Valeria, Vittoria Carlotta Magenes, Alice Bianchi, Virginia Rossi, Alessandro Gatti, Luca Marin, Matteo Vandoni, and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti. 2024. "How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes?" Life 14, no. 9: 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091198

APA Style

Calcaterra, V., Magenes, V. C., Bianchi, A., Rossi, V., Gatti, A., Marin, L., Vandoni, M., & Zuccotti, G. (2024). How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes? Life, 14(9), 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091198

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