The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count—Preliminary Report
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Hair–Scalp Trace Element and Blood Sample Measurements
2.3. Analytical Figures of Merit
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Coronary Artery Group
3.2. Carotid Group
3.3. Laboratory Results
3.4. Trace Elements Results
3.5. Correlation between Trace Elements and Lymphocytes
3.6. Multivariable Analysis
3.7. Receiver Operator Curve Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | p | p | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAD = 13 | Control = 18 | Carotid = 34 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | |
Age (years, median, Q1–Q3) | 70 (59–73) | 66 (61–71) | 68 (64–73) | 1 | 1 | 0.938 |
BMI (median, Q1–Q3) | 27 (25–29) | 30 (27–34) | 28 (26–30) | 0.689 | 0.945 | 0.756 |
Sex (M (%), F (%)) | 11 (85)/2 (15) | 10 (56)/8 (44) | 15 (44)/19 (56) | 0.044 * | 0.051 | 0.324 |
Co-morbidities | ||||||
HA (n, %) | 13 (100) | 15 (83) | 29 (85) | 0.876 | 0.478 | 0.866 |
DM (n, %) | 10 (77) | 2 (11) | 9 (26) | 0.027 * | 0.067 | 0.041 * |
COPD (n, %) | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0.233 | 0.532 | 0.272 |
Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 13 (100) | 12 (67) | 29 (85) | 0.784 | 0.407 | 0.148 |
Thyroid disease (n, %) | 3 (23) | 2 (11) | 10 (29) | 0.567 | 0.337 | 0.324 |
AF (n, %) | 5 (38) | 0 (0) | 4 (12) | 0.049 * | 0.058 | 0.155 |
Smoking history (n, %) | 8 (62) | 8 (44) | 18 (63) | 0.453 | 0.867 | 0.703 |
Current smoker (n, %) | 5 (38) | 4 (22) | 11 (32) | 0.958 | 0.578 | 0.842 |
Parameters | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | p | p | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Median (Q1–Q3) | CAD n = 13 | Control n = 18 | Carotid n = 34 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 |
Laboratory: | ||||||
WBC (K/μL) | 8.2 (7.1–8.8) | 8.2 (6.3–9.9) | 8.5 (6.8–9.8) | 1 | 0.956 | 0.986 |
Neu (K/μL) | 6.0 (4.9–6.6) | 4.6 (3.8–7.3) | 5.3 (4.4–6.9) | 0.974 | 1 | 0.867 |
Lym (K/μL) | 1.5 (1.2–1.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | 0.149 | 0.004 * | 0.787 |
NLR | 3.8 (3.5–4.5) | 2.3 (1.8–3.7) | 2.4 (1.9–3.6) | 0.128 | 0.049 * | 1 |
SII | 888 (747–1288) | 537 (406–921) | 594 (452–920) | 0.147 | 0.186 | 1 |
AISI | 358 (314–513) | 317 (147–844) | 240 (169–468) | 1 | 0.352 | 1 |
Mon (K/μL) | 0.45 (0.4–0.5) | 0.54 (0.40–0.68) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.473 | 1 | 0.292 |
MLR | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 1 | 0.06 | 0.206 |
LUC (K/μL) | 0.10 (0.09–0.12) | 0.13 (0.10–0.15) | 0.16 (0.12–0.19) | 0.318 | 0.003 * | 0.298 |
Rbc (M/μL) | 4.86 (4.35–5.02) | 4.76 (4.20–5.07) | 4.54 (4.16–4.69) | 1 | 0.122 | 0.537 |
Hb (mml/L) | 9.0 (8.4–9.2) | 8.8 (8.4–9.8) | 8.7 (8.0–9.3) | 1 | 0.989 | 1 |
Hct (%) | 43 (40–45) | 43 (41–49) | 41 (38–44) | 1 | 0.728 | 0.141 |
MCV (fL) | 90 (88–92) | 92 (88–97) | 92 (89–96) | 0.481 | 0.282 | 1 |
MCHC | 20.7 (20.4–21.1) | 20.4 (20.1–20.7) | 21.0 (20.9–21.3) | 0.475 | 0.088 | <0.001 * |
RDW (%) | 13.6 (13.1–14.1) | 13.7 (13.4–14.3) | 13.7 (13.3–14.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Plt (K/uL) | 214 (190–245) | 218 (201–250) | 248 (204–300) | 1 | 0.495 | 0.545 |
MPV (fL) | 8.2 (7.4–8.7) | 8.7 (8.2–9.4) | 8.2 (7.7–8.7) | 0.181 | 1 | 0.17 |
Lipid profiles | ||||||
(median (Q1–Q3): | ||||||
Total (mmol/L) | 3.99 (3.58–4.58) | 4.1 (3.7–4.2) | 3.69 (3.02–4.00) | 1 | 0.866 | 0.187 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.91–1.35) | 1.04 (0.94–1.46) | 1.11 (0.92–1.41) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.43 (2.04–2.75) | 2.34 (1.97–2.61) | 2.25 (1.36–2.62) | 0.967 | 0.897 | 0.901 |
GFR (median (Q1–Q3) | ||||||
(mL//min) | 78 (73–86) | 59 (53–76) | 76 (70–85) | 0.234 | 1 | 0.278 |
Hb1Ac (mean (SD) (%) | 6.2 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.3) | 6.2 (0.3) | 0.921 | 0.978 | 0.967 |
CRP | ||||||
(median (Q1–Q3) | 3.5 (2.5–4.0) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | 0.125 | 0.098 | 0.93 |
Trace elements | ||||||
(median (Q1–Q3): | ||||||
Cr | 1.65 (1.08–7.56) | 1.86 (1.21–3.61) | 8.3 (5.3–12.7) | 1 | 0.002 * | <0.001 * |
Mn | 1.19 (0.79–2.09) | 1.09 (0.28–2.09) | 1.14 (0.69–1.83) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Fe | 26.9 (15.8–34.9) | 18.6 (9.9–40.7) | 27.9 (17.9–37.4) | 1 | 1 | 0.699 |
Cu | 17.4 (12.2–21.8) | 23.5 (19.1–32.6) | 52.2 (38.0–80.0) | 0.672 | <0.001 * | 0.013 * |
Zn | 45.4 (0.0–155.4) | 105.0 (0.0–127) | 190 (155–225) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Group 1 CAD n = 13 | Group 2 Control n = 18 | Group 3 Carotid n = 34 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman R | p-Value | Spearman R | p-Value | Spearman R | p-Value | |
Lymphocyte count and Cr | 0.063 | 0.837 | −0.244 | 0.330 | −0.040 | 0.822 |
Lymphocyte count and Mn | 0.104 | 0.734 | −0.442 | 0.066 | 0.143 | 0.421 |
Lymphocyte count and Fe | 0.028 | 0.929 | −0.233 | 0.351 | 0.040 | 0.822 |
Lymphocyte count and Cu | 0.382 | 0.197 | 0.061 | 0.810 | −0.052 | 0.770 |
Lymphocyte count and Zn | 0.357 | 0.232 | 0.733 * | <0.001 * | 0.120 | 0.499 |
Parameters | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Demographic: | ||||||
1. Age | 1.06 | 0.88–1.28 | 0.541 | |||
2. Sex | 2.23 | 0.29–17.39 | 0.443 | |||
Clinical: | ||||||
1. Arterial hypertension | 1.33 | 0.08–21.13 | 0.841 | |||
2. Diabetes mellitus | 1.36 | 0.21–1.59 | 0.124 | |||
3. Hypercholesterolemia | 1.34 | 0.10–18.13 | 0.828 | |||
4. Active smoking | 1.18 | 0.74–8.57 | 0.89 | |||
Hair–scalp trace elements: | ||||||
1. Zinc (Zn) | 1.03 | 1.01–10.5 | 0.006 * | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 0.001 * |
2. Copper (Cu) | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.289 |
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Urbanowicz, T.; Hanć, A.; Tomczak, J.; Michalak, M.; Olasińska-Wiśniewska, A.; Rzesoś, P.; Szot, M.; Filipiak, K.J.; Krasińska, B.; Krasiński, Z.; et al. The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count—Preliminary Report. Life 2024, 14, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050571
Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Tomczak J, Michalak M, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Rzesoś P, Szot M, Filipiak KJ, Krasińska B, Krasiński Z, et al. The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count—Preliminary Report. Life. 2024; 14(5):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050571
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrbanowicz, Tomasz, Anetta Hanć, Jolanta Tomczak, Michał Michalak, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Patrycja Rzesoś, Mateusz Szot, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Beata Krasińska, Zbigniew Krasiński, and et al. 2024. "The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count—Preliminary Report" Life 14, no. 5: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050571