Further Insights on Honey and Propolis from Gerês (Portugal) and Their Bioactivities: Unraveling the Impact of Beehive Relocation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Propolis and Honey Samples and Extract Preparation
2.2. Botanical Origin Analysis
2.3. Chemical Characterization of Propolis Extracts and Honey Solutions from Gerês
2.3.1. Total Ortho-Diphenols Content (TOC)
2.3.2. Total Phenolics Content (TPC)
2.3.3. Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
2.4. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Propolis Extracts and Honey Solutions from Gerês
2.5. Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Extracts and Honey Solutions from Gerês
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Botanical Origin of Gerês Honey Samples
3.2. Total Ortho-Diphenols and Phenolics Contents from Gerês Honey Samples
3.3. Antioxidant Potential of the Honey Solutions of Gerês
3.4. Antimicrobial Properties of the Honey Solutions of Gerês
3.5. Total Ortho-Diphenols, Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents of Gerês Propolis Samples
3.6. Antioxidant Potential of the Ethanol Extracts of Gerês Propolis Samples
3.7. Antimicrobial Properties of the Ethanol Extracts of Gerês Propolis Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Pollen Composition (%) | |
---|---|---|
H17 | H18 | |
Erica spp. | 55 | 44 |
Frangula alnus | 0 | 18 |
Castanea sativa | 20 | 13 |
Echium plantagineum | 5 | 8 |
Campanula spp. | 0 | 5 |
Rubus spp. | 7 | 2 |
Others | 13 | 10 |
Honey Solutions | Total Ortho-Diphenols Content | Total Phenolics Content |
---|---|---|
mg GAE/g | mg GAE/g | |
H17.WS | 0.455 ± 0.005 a | 3.079 ± 0.145 a |
H18.WS | 0.535 ± 0.011 b | 2.438 ± 0.035 b |
Honey Solutions | Antibacterial Activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. subtilis | B. cereus | B. megaterium | MSSA | MRSA | P. acnes | E. coli | |
MIC (µg/mL) | |||||||
H17.WS | 268,935.8 | 302,552.8 | 268,935.8 | 537,871.6 | 369,786.7 | 302,552.8 | 369,786.7 |
H18.WS | 168,084.9 | 134,467.9 | 201,801.9 | 235,318.8 | 235,318.8 | 235,318.8 | 235,318.8 |
Honey Solutions | Antifungal Activity | |
---|---|---|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Candida albicans | |
MIC (µg/mL) | ||
H17.WS | >537,871.6 | >537,871.6 |
H18.WS | 235,318.8 | 302,552.8 |
Propolis Extracts | Total Ortho-Diphenol Content | Total Phenolic Content | Total Flavonoid Content |
---|---|---|---|
mg GAE/g | mg GAE/g | mg QE/g | |
G-r17.EE | 467.2 ± 13.1 a | 177.9 ± 6.7 a | 36.8 ± 2.3 a |
G-rt17.EE | 271.0 ± 3.9 b | 130.9 ± 9.0 b | 22.5 ± 1.8 b |
G-tf17.EE | 243.5 ± 6.8 b,d | 125.1 ± 5.5 b,d | 30.5 ± 1.1 c |
G-r18.EE | 373.8 ± 19.3 c | 148.4 ± 4.1 c | 44.8 ± 2.8 d |
G-rt18.EE | 295.7 ± 51.8 b | 82.9 ± 5.3 e | 29.6 ± 1.6 c,f |
G-tf18.EE | 205.6 ± 17.2 d,e | 73.7 ± 6.9 e | 25.7 ± 1.9 b,f |
G18.EE (G-tfb18.EE) | 270.0 ± 15.2 b | 185.5 ± 7.1 a | 35.8 ± 0.5 a,e |
G-r19.EE | 285.9 ± 14.3 b | 136.2 ± 5.3 b,c | 30.7 ± 0.8 c |
G-rt19.EE | 299.3 ± 9.3 b | 135.6 ± 9.4 b,c | 29.0 ± 0.8 c,f |
G-tf19.EE | 247.7 ± 15.9 b,e | 110.3 ± 5.9 d | 25.6 ± 0.9 b,f |
G19.EE (G-rtf19.EE) | 272.3 ± 4.7 b | 135.2 ± 8.2 b,c | 31.9 ± 1.1 c,e |
Propolis Extracts | DPPH• Scavenging Activity |
---|---|
EC50 (µg/mL) | |
G-r17.EE | 3.6 ± 0.3 a |
G-rt17.EE | 7.1 ± 0.8 b |
G-tf17.EE | 20.9 ± 0.1 c |
G-r18.EE | 20.1 ± 0.1 c,e |
G-rt18.EE | 19.0 ± 0.5 e,f |
G-tf18.EE | 18.3 ± 0.7 f |
G18.EE (G-tfb18.EE) | 12.4 ± 0.4 d |
G-r19.EE | 30.5 ± 0.3 g |
G-rt19.EE | 19.5 ± 1.3 c,f |
G-tf19.EE | 21.2 ± 0.5 c |
G19.EE (G-rtf19.EE) | 24.3 ± 0.1 h |
Propolis Extracts | Antibacterial Activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. subtilis | B. cereus | B. megaterium | MSSA | MRSA | P. acnes | E. coli | |
MIC (µg/mL) | |||||||
G-r17.EE | 50 | 50 | 50 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-rt17.EE | 50 | 50 | 50 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-tf17.EE | 50 | 50 | 50 | 500 | >2000 | 200 | >2000 |
G-r18.EE | 100 | 100 | 200 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-rt18.EE | 100 | 100 | 100 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-tf18.EE | 50 | 50 | 50 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G18.EE (G-tfb18.EE) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 200 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-r19.EE | 100 | 100 | 100 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-rt19.EE | 50 | 50 | 50 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G-tf19.EE | 200 | 200 | 200 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
G19.EE (G-rtf19.EE) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 500 | >2000 | 500 | >2000 |
Propolis Extracts | Antifungal Activity | |
---|---|---|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Candida albicans | |
MIC (µg/mL) | ||
G-r17.EE | 1500 | >2000 |
G-rt17.EE | >2000 | >2000 |
G-tf17.EE | >2000 | >2000 |
G-r18.EE | 2000 | 2000 |
G-rt18.EE | >2000 | 1500 |
G-tf18.EE | >2000 | 2000 |
G18.EE (G-tfb18.EE) | 1500 | 2000 |
G-r19.EE | >2000 | 2000 |
G-rt19.EE | >2000 | 1500 |
G-tf19.EE | >2000 | 2000 |
G19.EE (G-rtf19.EE) | >2000 | 2000 |
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Freitas, A.S.; Oliveira, R.; Almeida-Aguiar, C. Further Insights on Honey and Propolis from Gerês (Portugal) and Their Bioactivities: Unraveling the Impact of Beehive Relocation. Life 2024, 14, 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040506
Freitas AS, Oliveira R, Almeida-Aguiar C. Further Insights on Honey and Propolis from Gerês (Portugal) and Their Bioactivities: Unraveling the Impact of Beehive Relocation. Life. 2024; 14(4):506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040506
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Ana Sofia, Rui Oliveira, and Cristina Almeida-Aguiar. 2024. "Further Insights on Honey and Propolis from Gerês (Portugal) and Their Bioactivities: Unraveling the Impact of Beehive Relocation" Life 14, no. 4: 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040506