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7 November 2024

A Worldwide Annotated Checklist of Fossil (Devonian–Cretaceous) Species of the Clam Shrimp Genus Euestheria (Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata)

and
1
Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
2
School of Earth Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life2024, 14(11), 1438;https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111438
This article belongs to the Special Issue Back to Basics in Palaeontology
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Abstract

Clam shrimps are one of the most common and representative invertebrates in continental strata and are endowed with important biostratigraphic and paleoecological values. The genus Euestheria is one of the most common clam shrimp taxa that has been recorded in the latest Paleozoic and the Mesozoic around the world. A list of all the species assigned to Euestheria, recorded from the Devonian to the Cretaceous across all seven continents as of September 2024, is provided. The list may serve as a valuable resource, potentially useful for the biostratigraphic division and long-range correlations of continental strata. In addition, the taxonomic issues of the genus are briefly introduced and examined herein. The study aims to provide a simple lead-in for all the researchers who have an interest in clam shrimp and the genus Euestheria.

1. Introduction

Clam shrimps, or “conchostracans,” are a paraphyletic group of bivalved crustaceans (Figure 1a–d) known in fossil records from the Paleozoic to recent times. Modern clam shrimps are usually seen in small lakes, ponds, swamps, temporary pools, and paddy fields with still water. Fossil clam shrimps are one of the most common and representative invertebrates in continental strata and are endowed with important biostratigraphic and paleoecological values [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The global fossil record indicates that the evolutionary history of these crustaceans can be at least traced back to the Early Devonian (Emsian) [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. The genus Euestheria Depéret & Mazeran, 1912 is one of the most common taxa that has been recorded in the latest Paleozoic and the Mesozoic around the world (Figure 2) [2,4,5,11,16,17,18,19,20,21]. However, there is currently no comprehensive reference for the taxonomy and geographical and stratigraphic distributions of this “well-known” taxon. This study provides the first primary checklist of the global fossil record of the genus Euestheria based on an extensive literature survey, with a peculiar emphasis on their geographical and stratigraphic distributions. The checklist may serve as a valuable resource, potentially useful for the biostratigraphic division and long-range correlations of continental strata. Moreover, the taxonomic issues are briefly examined and discussed herein. All these works aim to provide a simple lead-in for all the researchers who have an interest in fossil clam shrimps and the genus Euestheria.
Figure 1. Modern and fossil specimens of clam shrimp: (a). a modern spinicaudatan with a whole carapace, from Tibet, China; (b). a modern spinicaudatan with the left valve of the carapace removed, showing “soft parts” of its body, from Tibet, China; (c). fossil specimen of Euestheria sp. from the Triassic Badong Formation in Hubei, China, showing the left valve of the carapace (housed at the Palaeobotanical Collections of the Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, China, under catalog number YNUPB20001); (d). fossil specimen of Euestheria sp. from the Triassic Badong Formation in Hubei, China, showing the right valve of the carapace (housed at the Palaeobotanical Collections of the Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, China, under catalog number YNUPB20002).
Figure 2. Global geographical distribution of all the Euestheria species records reviewed in the present paper shown on a map of present-day continental configurations (the map is based on Scotese [22]).

2. Result

2.1. Checklist

Our study shows that a total of 249 species (217 named species including 10 new combinations and 32 names in open nomenclature (23 names with “conf.” and 9 with “aff.”)) have been assigned to Euestheria, formally recorded from the Devonian to the Cretaceous of all seven continents (Table 1). Two pie charts were made to show the percentages of species numbers geographically and chronologically (Figure 3). It is worth mentioning that our statistics and checklist may have several issues due to factors like the age of the publications, language barriers, and challenges in data collection caused by difficulties in accessing the literature. If readers notice any mistakes or missing information, we encourage them to reach out to us.
Table 1. Worldwide distributional and stratigraphical checklist of Euestheria species listed in chronological order based on the date of their description.
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of Euestheria species across modern continents (left) and across geological periods according to stratigraphic records (right).

2.2. Taxonomic Issues

Most fossil clam shrimps comprise carapaces only (Figure 1c,d). The important features of their crustacean body and appendages are often missing or poorly preserved in fossil specimens. As a result, the key characteristics of the body and appendages that are crucial in the morphological taxonomy of modern clam shrimps could not be used for morphological comparison between the fossil and modern species. The taxonomy of fossil clam shrimps is highly based on its carapace characteristics like the carapace size, shape, growth line numbers, growth band width, larval valve size, and particularly, the micro-ornamentations on the growth bands. The genus Euestheria is one of the most common taxa that has been recorded in all seven continents (Figure 3). Its type species E. minuta Zieten, 1833, from the Triassic of Germany [191], possesses an oval carapace ornamented with small polygonal reticulations (or irregular lirae) [9,21,117,191]. Observations of fossil clam shrimp in most early studies were performed under optical microscopy, and the micro-ornamentations, especially on those small, badly-preserved specimens, were not generally well recognized. As a result, numerous species with non-reticulate or unknown ornamentations were assigned to Euestheria according to their small oval carapace, fine growth lines, and small larval valve, making the genus a “dumping ground” of taxonomy. In recent years, with the widespread use of SEM, an increasing number of euestherids have been found to possess diverse non-reticulate ornamentations that are different from the reticulate ornamentations of the type species. For example, some Jurassic euestherids from China have been amended and reassigned to the genera Qaidamestheria Wang, 1983; Tianzhuestheria Shen, Li & Chen, 2002; and Triglypta Wang, 1984 [94,192,193,194,195,196,197], and their taxonomic status and descriptions have been changed. These genera possess punctae, punctae-formed reticulations, and linear arrangements or radial lirae on their growth bands [195,196]. Additionally, our recent studies have identified numerous Triassic “euestherids” that do not actually belong to the genus Euestheria (separate articles on this topic will be published). Euestheria is one of the most common taxa of fossil clam shrimps. However, serious taxonomic issues have impeded the use of this important taxon in global stratigraphic correlation. Hence, further studies on this taxon are desperately needed and will provide great help for comprehending both global stratigraphic correlation and the evolutionary history of clam shrimps.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L.; methodology, S.F. and H.L.; validation, S.F. and H.L.; formal analysis, H.L.; investigation, S.F. and H.L.; resources, H.L.; data curation, S.F.; writing—original draft preparation, S.F.; writing—review and editing, H.L.; supervision, H.L.; project administration, H.L.; funding acquisition, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42102010), the Open-end Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (183118), and the Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department (202101AT070642).

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Thomas A. Hegna (SUNY Fredonia) for providing a large number of references, and Yaqiong Wang (NIGPAS) for providing specimens of modern spinicaudatans. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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