A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods of Preparation and Consumption of Punica granatum
3. Functional Components of Punica granatum
3.1. Polyphenols
3.2. Flavonoids
3.3. Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins
3.4. Fatty Acids
3.5. Tannins
3.6. Triterpenoids
4. Major Active Substances of Punica granatum
5. Therapeutic Effects of Punica granatum
5.1. Punica granatum in Diseases of the Oral Cavity
5.1.1. Antibacterial Effects of Punica granatum
5.1.2. Punica granatum and Gingivitis
5.1.3. Punica granatum and Periodontitis
5.1.4. Punica granatum and Stomatitis
5.1.5. Punica granatum Mouthwash
- -
- Punica granatum gels
- -
- Punica granatum toothpaste
- -
- Other pharmaceutical forms of Punica granatum
5.1.6. Other Health Benefits of Punica granatum in Comorbidities
5.2. Antioxidant Effects of Punica granatum
5.2.1. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Punica granatum
5.2.2. Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Punica granatum
5.2.3. Anti-Hemorrhagic and Astringent Effects of Punica granatum
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria: | Exclusion Criteria |
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Peer-reviewed studies | Non-peer-reviewed articles |
Focus on Punica granatum and oral diseases | Studies not focused on oral health |
English language | Articles in languages other than English |
In vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials |
Author and Reference | Type of Study | Form of Preparation | Comparison Substance | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kiany et al. (2016) [89] | Double-blind clinical trial Number of participants: 104 total 46 males 58 females Disease: mild to moderate gingivitis Before treatment: scaling and root planning (SRP) Treatment: 2 weeks after SRP Time of treatment administration: 1 month | Mouthwash with extract of seeds of fresh pomegranate fruits Method of preparation: Cold pressing of fresh pomegranate fruits without the peel, seeds separated from extract Distilled water Preservative: 0,4% methylparaben 0,04% sodium saccharine Pasteurized Dosage: drop Container: 60 mL | Persica mouthwash with herbal extract of Salvadora persica Matrica mouthwash with herbal extract of Matricaria chamomilla Placebo | ↓ Plaque index (PI): Tureskey–Gilmore–Glickman modification of Quigley–Hein ↓ Bleeding index (BOP): Lenox |
Menezes et al. (2006) [87] | Clinical and in vitro Number of participants: 60 healthy patients using fixed orthodontic appliances 27 males 33 females Disease: no disease dental plaque collection Before treatment: no tooth brushing for 24 h before dental plaque collections Treatment: Time of treatment administration: 1 min mouthrinse with 15 mL of either HAE, CHX, or distilled water | Hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Punica granatum fruits on dental plaque microorganisms Dental plaque samples were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) plated on Mueller-Hinton agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C | Standard CHX mouthwash Distilled water | HAE was very effective against dental plaque microorganisms by ↓ colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) ↓ CFU/mL by 84% for HAE before mouthrinse 154.0 +/− 41.18 after mouthrinse 25.4 +/− 7.76 ↓ CFU/mL by 79% for CHX before mouthrinse 208.7 +/− 58.81 after mouthrinse 44.0 +/− 15.85 ↓ CFU/mL by 11% for distilled water before mouthrinse 81.1 +/− 10.12 after mouthrinse 71.9 +/− 8.68 HAE also presented antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms |
Millo et al. (2017) [86] | In vitro Type of bacteria: Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus sanguinis Lactobacillus casei | Punica granatum gel Method of preparation: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the identification and quantification of the chemical marker punicalagin Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assay (TKA) were investigated tested by measuring the zones of inhibition through the agar well diffusion method | 2% CHX gel blank gel | PG gel equivalent to 0.234% punicalagin inhibited S. mutans and S. sanguinis within the 24 h incubation period but did not inhibit L. casei within the 24 h incubation period has the potential to be used for caries prevention MBC for S. mutans 250 mg/mL MBC for S. Sanguinis 125 mg/mL MBC for L. casei 500 mg/mL The TKA of 500 mg/mL aqueous PG extract showed total inhibition of S. mutans, S. Sanguinis, and L. casei at 6, 1, and 24 h contact time |
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Potra Cicalău, G.I.; Vicaș, L.G.; Ciavoi, G.; Ghitea, T.C.; Csaba, N.; Cristea, R.A.; Miere, F.; Ganea, M. A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties. Life 2024, 14, 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101298
Potra Cicalău GI, Vicaș LG, Ciavoi G, Ghitea TC, Csaba N, Cristea RA, Miere F, Ganea M. A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties. Life. 2024; 14(10):1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101298
Chicago/Turabian StylePotra Cicalău, Georgiana Ioana, Laura Grațiela Vicaș, Gabriela Ciavoi, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Nagy Csaba, Roxana Alexandra Cristea, Florina Miere (Groza), and Mariana Ganea. 2024. "A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties" Life 14, no. 10: 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101298
APA StylePotra Cicalău, G. I., Vicaș, L. G., Ciavoi, G., Ghitea, T. C., Csaba, N., Cristea, R. A., Miere, F., & Ganea, M. (2024). A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties. Life, 14(10), 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101298