Influence of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on the Antioxidant and Biological Potential of Different Parts of Scorzonera undulata
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Polyphenolic Extract Preparation
2.2.1. Maceration
2.2.2. Ultrasound
2.3. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.4. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
Derivatization Method
2.5. Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI–MS) Analysis
2.6. Antioxidant Activity (DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity)
2.7. Biological Activities (Antienzymatic Activities)
2.7.1. Anti-Xanthine Oxidase Activity
2.7.2. Anti-5-Lipoxygenase Activity
2.7.3. Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity
2.7.4. Anti-α-Amylase Activity
2.8. Statistical Anylasis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction Yields
3.2. Polyphenol Content (TPC)
3.3. Identification of Volatile Compounds by GC-MS Analysis
3.4. Identification of Phenolic Compounds by LC-MS Analysis
3.5. Antioxidant Activity
3.6. Biological Activities (Antienzymatic Activities)
3.7. Statistical Anylasis
3.7.1. Correlation Coefficient Analysis
3.7.2. Heat Map Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water | Ethanol | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | |
Maceration | 0.81 | 0.57 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
Ultrasound | 1.16 | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
N° | Compound Name | RT | MF | MW | Maceration | Ultrasound | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O | Ethanol | H2O | Ethanol | |||||||||||||
TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | |||||
1 | 1-Hexadecanol | 14.64 | C16H34O | 242.4 | X | |||||||||||
2 | 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 16.33 | C14H22O | 206.3 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
3 | 10-Heneicosene | 16.41 | C21H42 | 294.6 | X | |||||||||||
4 | 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl- | 16.42 | C17H36O | 256.5 | X | |||||||||||
5 | Octadecane,1,1′-[(1-methyl-1,2 ethanediyl)bis(oxy)]bis- | 17.52 | C39H80O2 | 581.1 | X | |||||||||||
6 | 2(4H)-Benzofuranone,5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-, (R)- | 17.64 | C11H16O2 | 180.2 | X | |||||||||||
7 | Phenol,2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- | 17.91 | C23H32O2 | 340.4 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
8 | 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione | 21.07 | C17H24O3 | 276.3 | ||||||||||||
9 | 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol | 22.13 | C20H40O | 296.5 | X | |||||||||||
10 | 9-Hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenyl ester, (Z,Z)- | 28.27 | C34H64O2 | 504.8 | X | X | X | |||||||||
11 | Z-10-Methyl-11-tetradecen-1-ol propionate | 28.29 | C18H34O2 | 282.5 | X | X | ||||||||||
12 | Heneicosane, 11-(-ethylpropyl) | 19.46 | C26H54 | 366.7 | X | |||||||||||
13 | Heneicosane | 21.32 | C21H44 | 296.5 | X | |||||||||||
14 | Pentacosane | 21.33 | C25H52 | 352.6 | X |
N° | Compound | RT | MF | MW | Maceration | Ultrasound | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O | Ethanol | H2O | Ethanol | |||||||||||||
TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | |||||
1 | 2,3-Butanediol | 7.85 | C4H10O2 | 90.1 | X | |||||||||||
2 | Lactic acid | 8.47 | C3H6O3 | 90.0 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
3 | Hexanoic acid | 8.82 | C6H12O2 | 116.1 | X | |||||||||||
4 | 2-Monoacetin | 10.42 | C9H14O6 | 218.2 | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
5 | Glycerol | 10.79 | C3H8O3 | 92,0 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
6 | Butanedioic acid | 13.06 | C4H6O4 | 118.0 | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
7 | Decanoic acid | 14.90 | C10H20O2 | 172,2 | X | X | ||||||||||
8 | Malic acid | 15.27 | C4H6O5 | 134.0 | X | X | ||||||||||
9 | α-d-Fructofuranoe | 18.19 | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
10 | α-d-Fructopyranose | 18.55 | C6H12O6 | 180.1 | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
11 | Palmitic Acid | 20.94 | C16H32O2 | 256,4 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
N° | m/z | MF | MW | RT | Maceration | Ultrasound | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TB | LV | FL | TB | LV | FL | ||||||
Phenolic acid concentration (mg/100 g DW) | |||||||||||
1 | Quinic acid | 191 | C7H12O6 | 192.1 | 1.59 | 34.19 ± 6.07 E | 165.55 ± 7.04 B | 81.70 ± 3.10 C | 40.13 ± 10.05 E | 187.69 ± 14.00 A | 63.97 ± 9.04 D |
2 | 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 515 | C25H24O12 | 516.4 | 1.61 | 0.28 ± 0.06 C | 4.41 ± 0.07 A | 3.40 ± 0.47 B | 0.48 ± 0.10 C | 2.97 ± 0.47 B | 3.08 ± 0.29 B |
3 | Gallic acid | 169 | C7H6O5 | 170.1 | 1.64 | 0.05 ± 0.04 A | 0.14 ± 0.07 A | 0.09 ± 0.03 A | 0.09 ± 0.09 A | 0.18 ± 0.07 A | 0.12 ± 0.08 A |
4 | Protocatechuic acid | 153 | C7H6O4 | 154.1 | 4.61 | 0.10 ± 0.03 D | 0.98 ± 0.07 B | 0.40 ± 0.15 C | 1.54 ± 0.10 A | 1.17 ± 0.17 B | 0.49 ± 0.05 C |
5 | Chlorogenic acid | 353 | C16H18O9 | 354.3 | 8.6 | 1.13 ± 0.08 E | 131.34 ± 23.21 C | 196.34 ± 11.5 B | 1.15 ± 0.10 E | 31.71 ± 4.22 D | 254.43 ± 25.02A |
6 | Caffeic acid | 179 | C9H8O4 | 180.1 | 10.27 | nd | nd | 0.49 ± 0.20 B | nd | nd | 1.52 ± 0.09 A |
7 | Syringic acid | 197 | C9H10O5 | 198.1 | 11.89 | nd | 5.28 ± 0.07 B | 3.86 ± 0.88 C | nd | nd | 10.40 ± 0.78 A |
8 | p-coumaric acid | 163 | C9H8O3 | 164.1 | 16.2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 B | nd | 0.03 ± 0.01 B | 0.02 ± 0.02 B | 0.29 ± 0.07 A | 0.03 ± 0.02 B |
9 | Ferulic acid | 193 | C10H10O4 | 194.1 | 19.54 | 0.03 ± 0.02 BC | 0.19 ± 0.07 A | 0.05 ± 0.01 BC | 0.02 ± 0.01 BC | nd | 0.06 ± 0.01 B |
10 | Rosmarinic acid | 359 | C18H16O8 | 360.3 | 24.30 | nd | nd | 0.03 ± 0.02 A | nd | nd | nd |
11 | Cinnamic acid | 147 | C9H8O2 | 148.1 | 29.22 | 0.15 ± 0.06 B | 0.51 ± 0.07 A | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1 | Rutin | 609 | C27H30O16 | 610.5 | 21.66 | 0.06 ± 0.02 B | 0.33 ± 0.09 A | nd | 0.02 ± 0.00 C | 0.17 ± 0.07 B | 0.27 ± 0.09 A |
2 | Quercetin | 301 | C15H10O7 | 302.2 | 29.12 | nd | 0.19 ± 0.07 A | nd | nd | nd | nd |
3 | Hyperoside | 463 | C21H20O12 | 464.3 | 21.71 | 0.07 ± 0.03 E | 0.93 ± 0.09 A | 0.45 ± 0.04 C | 0.04 ± 0.04 E | 0.23 ± 0.07 D | 0.80 ± 0.02 B |
4 | Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside | 447 | C21H20O11 | 448.3 | 22.32 | 0.18 ± 0.02 D | 245.11 ± 22.35 A | 31.29 ± 0.47 C | nd | 32.84 ± 6.22 C | 63.32 ± 4.22 B |
5 | Naringin | 579 | C27H32O14 | 580.5 | 23.94 | 0.18 ± 0.06 C | 37.35 ± 15.02 A | 10.01 ± 0.88 BC | nd | 5.66 ± 0.66 BC | 12.67 ± 1.33 B |
6 | Quercetrin | 447 | C15H10O7 | 302.2 | 24.47 | 0.11 ± 0.1 D | 5.91 ± 1.12 C | 22.33 ± 2.44 B | 0.15 ± 0.10 D | 2.91 ± 0.40 CD | 43.96 ± 4.55 A |
7 | Apigenin | 431 | C15H10O5 | 270.0 | 24.58 | 0.06 ± 0.08 D | 60.05 ± 2.47 A | 43.35 ± 8.54 B | 0.01 ± 0.00 D | 7.61 ± 1.01 C | 62.40 ± 4.88 A |
8 | kaempferol | 285 | C15H10O6 | 286.2 | 29.22 | nd | 153.49 ± 5.22 A | 46.01 ± 14.20 C | nd | 145.90 ± 2.33 AB | 135.62 ± 15.54 B |
9 | Naringenin | 271 | C15H12O5 | 272.2 | 31.39 | 0.03 ± 0.02 D | 0.18 ± 0.07 C | 0.13 ± 0.03 CD | 0.06 ± 0.04 D | 0.70 ± 0.07 A | 0.37 ± 0.09 B |
10 | Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 269 | C21H20O10 | 432.4 | 31.95 | 0.01 ± 0.00E | 1.79 ± 0.10 C | 1.40 ± 0.12 D | 0.01 ± 0.01 E | 3.47 ± 0.12 A | 2.99 ± 0.47 B |
Anti-XOD | Anti-5-LOX | Anti-α-Glucosidase | Anti-α-Amylase | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract | ||||||
Maceration | H2O | TB | nd | nd | nd | 18.42 ± 5.12 BC |
LV | nd | nd | nd | 12.11 ± 0.25 CD | ||
FL | nd | nd | 2.49 ± 1.96 B | nd | ||
Ethanol | TB | nd | nd | nd | 17.24 ± 4.58 BC | |
LV | 38.26 ± 0.79 A | 1.23 ± 3.43 B | nd | 20.50 ± 0.56 B | ||
FL | 9.44 ± 7.68 B | 11.39 ± 1.03 A | nd | nd | ||
Ultrasound | H2O | TB | nd | nd | 7.24 ± 2.06 AB | 20.08 ± 0.04 B |
LV | 1.65 ± 0.62 C | nd | 8.71 ± 2.30 A | nd | ||
FL | 11.72 ± 5.67 B | 3.48 ± 1.74 B | 9.77 ± 4.10 A | 31.34 ± 7.50 A | ||
Ethanol | TB | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
LV | 14.05 ± 2.43 B | nd | nd | 8.52 ± 1.28 D | ||
FL | 11.05 ± 2.37 B | 14.05 ± 5.81 A | 9.71 ± 3.88 A | nd | ||
Reference | Allopurinol (1 µg/mL) | NDGA (4 µg/mL) | Acarbose (50 µg/mL) | Acarbose (50 µg/mL) | ||
52.26 ± 8.56 | 44.08 ± 5.30 | 60.22 ± 2.50 | 32.24 ± 7.23 |
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Idoudi, S.; Othman, K.B.; Bouajila, J.; Tourrette, A.; Romdhane, M.; Elfalleh, W. Influence of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on the Antioxidant and Biological Potential of Different Parts of Scorzonera undulata. Life 2023, 13, 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040904
Idoudi S, Othman KB, Bouajila J, Tourrette A, Romdhane M, Elfalleh W. Influence of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on the Antioxidant and Biological Potential of Different Parts of Scorzonera undulata. Life. 2023; 13(4):904. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040904
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdoudi, Sourour, Khadija Ben Othman, Jalloul Bouajila, Audrey Tourrette, Mehrez Romdhane, and Walid Elfalleh. 2023. "Influence of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on the Antioxidant and Biological Potential of Different Parts of Scorzonera undulata" Life 13, no. 4: 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040904