Review of Central-Eastern European Propagation and Larvae Nursing Method for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction—Historical Development of the Presented Reproduction Protocol of Fish
1.1. General Outlook
1.2. The Main Aim of this Review
1.3. Historical Outlook: Technical and Academic Developments
1.3.1. Fish in Human Culture—Early Ages
1.3.2. Data from the Chinese Empire
1.3.3. Breeding Major Chinese Carps by Hormonal Induction
1.3.4. History of Carp Breeding in Europe
1.3.5. Natural Spawning Process of Carp
1.3.6. Need for an Advanced Method
1.3.7. Improving Technical Background
1.3.8. Elimination of the Adhesive Characteristic of Carp Eggs
1.3.9. Hormonal Induction of Fish Ovulation
2. Materials and Methods—Detailed Presentation of Milestones in the Reproduction and Nursing Protocol for Common Carp
2.1. Broodstock Management
Anesthesia
“When hormonally induced ovulation was still a new method in Hungary, in 1962, fish breeders wanted to demonstrate the programmed stripping of carp eggs to a high-ranking government official (prime minister). When the stripping time arrived, the egg collection had to be started, but the committee was late. Since fish breeders strongly wanted to demonstrate the process to the prime minister, they closed the oviduct of one female for presenting the process. After the arrival of the delegation, this fish was taken out and the roe was removed from it. To the greatest surprise, the eggs remained fertile and the quantity became larger than average”.
3. Carp Fry Rearing, Focusing on the Adequate Size of Natural Food (Zooplankton)
Living Organisms in Nursing Ponds
4. Breeding Process from Hatchery to Market-Size Carp
4.1. Zooplankton Succession in Nursing Ponds
4.2. Zooplankton Selection
5. Results—General Evaluations of Data Collected during Application of the European Hatchery and Early Nursing Method
5.1. General Outlook
5.2. Data Collected from Carp Bloodstock Reproduction
5.3. Data Evaluation Regarding the Brood Stock
5.4. Data Collected from Hatchery Actions
5.5. Evaluation of Data on Hatchery Procedures
5.6. Data Collected from Nursing of Young Carp (Fry) Living Is Open Ponds
5.7. Evaluation of Pond Nursing Data
6. Discussion of European Carp Propagation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specification | Unit | Common Carp | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Maturation | Age | Male | Years | 2–3 |
Female | Years | 4–5 | ||
Weight | Male | kg | 3–4 | |
Female | kg | 4–5 | ||
Length | Male | cm | 25–30 | |
Female | cm | 30–40 | ||
Spawning | Month | IV–VI | ||
Water temperature | °C | 16–22 | ||
Number of eggs gained from 1 kg of weight of | ||||
females | Thousands | 100–200 | ||
Number of eggs gained from a female | Thousands | 200–1500 | ||
Diameter of eggs | ||||
Dry | mm | 1.0–1.5 | ||
Swollen | mm | 2.0–2.5 | ||
Number of eggs in 1 kg | ||||
Dry | Thousands | 700–1000 | ||
Swollen | Thousands | 80–120 | ||
Time between fertilization and hatching | Daygrade | 60–70 | ||
(at optimum incubation temperatures) | Days | 3–4 | ||
Fertilization rate | percentage | 80–95 | ||
Hatching rate | percentage | 90 | ||
Survival in 200 L vessels | percentage | 90 | ||
Length of newly hatched larvae | mm | 4.8–5.0 |
Specification | Unit | Common Carp |
---|---|---|
Propagation temperature | °C | 20–24 |
Water flow rate (per kg/broodstock) | liters/min | 1.0–1.5 |
Amount of swollen eggs to be incubated in 7 L Zug jar | (a) Number | 120–200,000 |
(b) Volume (L) | 1.5–2.5 | |
Water flow in Zug jar | liters/min | 0.5–2.0 |
Keeping of larvae in | (a) Time | 3–4 days |
200 L containers | (b) Number | 400–600,000 |
Water flow in container | liters/min | 10–15 |
Specification | Common Carp |
---|---|
Duration of rearing | 3–4 weeks |
Rearing site: | Pond: 100–1000 m2 |
First feed in hatchery | (a) Hard-boiled egg |
suspension | |
(b) Newly hatched | |
Artemia nauplii | |
(c) Collected rotifers | |
Size of first feed | 100–200 µm |
Stocking density in rearing pond | 100–600 larvae/m2 |
Size of fry at the end of rearing | 2.5–3.0 cm |
0.2–0.3 g | |
Percentage survival: | 30–40% |
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Horvath, L.; Hegyi, A.; Lefler, K.K.; Csorbai, B.; Kovacs, E.; Szabo, T.; Muller, T.; Urbanyi, B. Review of Central-Eastern European Propagation and Larvae Nursing Method for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Life 2023, 13, 2334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122334
Horvath L, Hegyi A, Lefler KK, Csorbai B, Kovacs E, Szabo T, Muller T, Urbanyi B. Review of Central-Eastern European Propagation and Larvae Nursing Method for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Life. 2023; 13(12):2334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122334
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorvath, Laszlo, Arpad Hegyi, Kinga Katalin Lefler, Balazs Csorbai, Eva Kovacs, Tamas Szabo, Tamas Muller, and Bela Urbanyi. 2023. "Review of Central-Eastern European Propagation and Larvae Nursing Method for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)" Life 13, no. 12: 2334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122334