Exploring the Associations between Functional Capacity, Cognitive Function and Well-Being in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Overview
2.3. Cognitive Function Assessments
2.3.1. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
2.3.2. Symbol Cancellation Test
2.4. Functional Capacity Tests
2.4.1. Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG)
2.4.2. Handgrip Strength Test (HGS)
2.4.3. Sit-to-Stand Tests (STS-5, STS-30 and STS-60)
2.4.4. 6 min Walk Test (6MWT)
2.5. Body Composition Assessments
2.6. Well-Being Questionnaires
2.6.1. Quality of Life
2.6.2. Sleep Quality
2.6.3. Daily Sleepiness
2.6.4. Fatigue
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | Overall | Male (n = 33) | Female (n = 64) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 97 | 80.6 ± 8.2 | 79.7 ± 7.2 | 81.0 ± 8.8 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 97 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.3 |
Education (years) | 97 | 8.3 ± 4.4 | 10.4 ± 4.1 | 7.3 ± 4.2 # |
Body composition | ||||
Body mass (kg) | 89 | 69.6 ± 14.3 | 77.5 ± 14.4 | 64.9 ± 12.1 # |
BMI (kg/m2) | 89 | 33.5 ± 5.8 | 33.6 ± 5.5 | 33.5 ± 6.0 |
Total body fat (%) | 74 | 39.9 ± 8.6 | 32.5 ± 4.9 | 44.9 ± 6.8 # |
Trunk fat (%) | 71 | 35.9 ± 10.1 | 31.2 ± 8.5 | 39.2 ± 9.8 # |
Cognitive Function | ||||
MMSE score | 97 | 21.5 ± 5.4 | 22.6 ± 4.7 | 20.9 ± 5.7 |
Symbol cancellation (errors) | 97 | 46.1 ± 13.7 | 44.1 ± 13.6 | 47.1 ± 13.7 |
Functional capacity | ||||
6MWT (m) | 89 | 180.1 ± 164.8 | 211 ± 149.5 | 161.9 ± 171.8 |
STS-5 (s) | 92 | 26.1 ± 14.5 | 19.6 ± 9.8 | 29.7 ± 15.5 # |
STS-30 (rep) | 92 | 7.4 ± 4.0 | 8.8 ± 4.1 | 6.6 ± 3.7 * |
STS-60 (rep) | 92 | 12.6 ± 7.8 | 15.1 ± 7.6 | 11.3 ± 7.7 * |
TUG (s) | 89 | 27.2 ± 21.6 | 19.2 ± 16.0 | 32.0 ± 23.2 * |
HGS (kgf) | 91 | 17.8 ± 8.4 | 24.5 ± 8.5 | 14.0 ± 5.5 # |
Variable | Overall | Male (n = 33) | Female (n = 64) |
---|---|---|---|
SF-36 Quality of life scales | |||
Physical Function | 36.5 ± 28.4 | 46.2 ± 27.3 | 31.6 ± 27.9 * |
Role Physical | 27.6 ± 38.3 | 31.8 ± 43.0 | 25.4 ± 35.8 |
Body Pain | 60.8 ± 31.0 | 67.8 ± 30.5 | 57.1 ± 30.9 |
General Health | 56.0 ± 21.7 | 62.2 ± 21.1 | 52.9 ± 21.5 * |
Vitality | 58.9 ± 24.7 | 63.8 ± 23.2 | 56.4 ± 25.3 |
Social Functioning | 69.0 ± 26.1 | 69.9 ± 26.6 | 68.5 ± 26.0 |
Role Emotional | 37.8 ± 45.6 | 56.5 ± 46.8 | 28.2 ± 42.1 * |
Mental Health | 62.4 ± 19.7 | 65.7 ± 20.1 | 60.7 ± 19.4 |
Physical Health Component | 47.9 ± 21.3 | 54.2 ± 21.1 | 44.6 ± 20.8 * |
Mental Health Component | 56.8 ± 19.7 | 63.6 ± 19.4 | 53.3 ± 19.1 * |
SF-36 total score | 51.2 ± 19.6 | 58.0 ± 19.6 | 47.6 ± 18.9 * |
Sleep quality | 8.7 ± 5.0 | 8.0 ± 4.5 | 9.0 ± 5.3 |
Daytime Sleepiness | 7.2 ± 4.9 | 7.3 ± 4.2 | 7.2 ± 5.2 |
Fatigue | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 1.7 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
1 | 6MWT | ||||||||||||
2 | STS-5 | −0.48 # | |||||||||||
3 | STS-30 | 0.66 # | −0.73 # | ||||||||||
4 | STS-60 | 0.71 # | −0.68 # | 0.93 # | |||||||||
5 | TUG | −0.48 # | 0.59 # | −0.52 # | −0.53 # | ||||||||
6 | HGS | 0.53 # | −0.30 * | 0.47 # | 0.50 # | −0.33 * | |||||||
7 | MMSE | 0.35 # | −0.28 * | 0.32 * | 0.32 * | −0.27 * | 0.23 * | ||||||
8 | Symbol cancellation | −0.40 # | 0.35 # | −0.43 # | −0.40 # | 0.19 | −0.49 # | −0.48 # | |||||
9 | Quality of life | 0.38 # | −0.34 * | 0.40 # | 0.41 # | −0.32 * | 0.18 | 0.04 | −0.10 | ||||
10 | Sleep quality | −0.24 * | 0.20 | −0.23 * | −0.23 * | 0.15 | −0.08 | −0.10 | 0.08 | −0.54 # | |||
11 | Sleepiness | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.12 | −0.13 | −0.03 | −0.31 * | 0.15 | ||
12 | Fatigue | −0.37 # | 0.30 * | −0.33 * | −0.36 # | 0.35 * | −0.23 * | −0.06 | 0.22 * | −0.78 # | 0.43 # | 0.26 * |
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Stavrinou, P.S.; Aphamis, G.; Pantzaris, M.; Sakkas, G.K.; Giannaki, C.D. Exploring the Associations between Functional Capacity, Cognitive Function and Well-Being in Older Adults. Life 2022, 12, 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071042
Stavrinou PS, Aphamis G, Pantzaris M, Sakkas GK, Giannaki CD. Exploring the Associations between Functional Capacity, Cognitive Function and Well-Being in Older Adults. Life. 2022; 12(7):1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071042
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavrinou, Pinelopi S., George Aphamis, Marios Pantzaris, Giorgos K. Sakkas, and Christoforos D. Giannaki. 2022. "Exploring the Associations between Functional Capacity, Cognitive Function and Well-Being in Older Adults" Life 12, no. 7: 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071042