Influence of Ball-Burnishing Process on Surface Topography Parameters and Tribological Properties of Hardened Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Surface smoothing (geometrical) mechanism,
- Surface enhancement (mechanical) mechanism,
- The microstructural (metallurgical [11]) mechanism.
2. Materials and Methods
- x1—burnishing pressure force: 10, 20, and 30 MPa,
- x2—burnishing speed: 400, 700, and 1000 mm/min,
- x3—stepover: 30, 50, and 70 µm:
- d—diameter of the wear track (in our tests d = 10 mm),
- S—area of the hole (the cross-sectional area of the wear track).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of the Ball-Burnishing Parameters on the Surface Topography and Residual Stresses
3.2. Effect of the Ball-Burnishing Parameters on the Tribological Properties
- The mean value of the volumetric wear of the disc samples (VD),
- The sliding distance after which the friction force obtains steady-state conditions (DSS),
- The average value of the friction force after obtaining the steady-state condition (Fav).
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Central Values of the Entry Factors | Units of Variation | Encoded Input Factors |
---|---|---|
No | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | 0.0835 | 1.19 | −401 |
2 | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | + | 0.0685 | 0.85 | −493 |
3 | − | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | − | 0.141 | 1.47 | −282 |
4 | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 0.169 | 1.65 | −361 |
5 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.051 | 0.558 | −466 |
6 | − | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.153 | 1.79 | −308 |
7 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.149 | 1.07 | −338 |
8 | 0 | − | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.162 | 1.11 | −457 |
9 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.194 | 1.46 | −397 |
10 | 0 | 0 | − | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.175 | 1.17 | −382 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.133 | 1.19 | −359 |
Surface Topography Parameters [29] | Workpiece | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground | Burnished | ||||
Min. | Max. | ||||
Height | Root mean square height | Sq [µm] | 0.522 | 0.051 | 0.194 |
Skewness | Ssk | −0.431 | −0.345 | 0.244 | |
Kurtosis | Sku | 3.78 | 1.99 | 3.26 | |
Maximum peak height | Sp [µm] | 2.37 | 0.294 | 0.805 | |
Maximum pit height | Sv [µm] | 5.92 | 0.264 | 1.03 | |
Maximum height | Sz [µm] | 8.29 | 0.558 | 1.79 | |
Arithmetic mean height | Sa [µm] | 0.412 | 0.041 | 0.339 | |
Functional | Areal material ratio | Smr [%] | 0.162 | 93.5 | 100 |
Inverse areal material ratio | Smc [µm] | 0.639 | 0.0647 | 0.266 | |
Extreme peak height | Sxp [µm] | 1.15 | 0.0969 | 0.339 | |
Spatial | Auto-correlation length | Sal [mm] | 0.188 | 0.0358 | 0.217 |
Texture-aspect ratio | Str | 0.383 | 0.0237 | 0.245 | |
Texture direction | Std [o] | 73.3 | 0.623 | 7.1 | |
Hybrid | Root mean square gradient | Sdq | 0.101 | 0.00613 | 0.0234 |
Developed interfacial area ratio | Sdr [%] | 0.499 | 0.00188 | 0.0273 | |
Functional | Material volume | Vm [mm3/mm2] | 2.01 × 10−5 | 2.53 × 10−6 | 6.90 × 10−6 |
(volume) | Void volume | Vv [mm3/mm2] | 0.000659 | 6.72 × 10−5 | 2.73 × 10−4 |
Peak material volume | Vmp [mm3/mm2] | 2.01 × 10−5 | 2.53 × 10−6 | 6.90 × 10−6 | |
Core material volume | Vmc [mm3/mm2] | 0.000466 | 4.47 × 10−5 | 1.88 × 10−4 | |
Core void volume | Vvc [mm3/mm2] | 0.00059 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 2.55 × 10−4 | |
Pit void volume | Vvv [mm3/mm2] | 6.93 × 10−5 | 5.61 × 10−6 | 2.08 × 10−5 | |
Feature | Density of peaks | Spd [1/mm2] | 502 | 243 | 448 |
Arithmetic mean peak curvature | Spc [1/mm] | 81.8 | 6.05 | 15.5 | |
Ten-point height | S10z [µm] | 3.77 | 0.325 | 1.08 | |
Five-point peak height | S5p [µm] | 1.42 | 0.188 | 0.489 | |
Five-point pit height | S5v [µm] | 2.35 | 0.136 | 0.591 | |
Mean dale area | Sda [mm2] | 0.0019 | 0.00151 | 0.00447 | |
Mean hill area | Sha [mm2] | 0.00195 | 0.00181 | 0.00372 | |
Mean dale volume | Sdv [mm3] | 7.06 × 10−8 | 1.16 × 10−8 | 2.62 × 10−8 | |
Mean hill volume | Shv [mm3] | 7.85 × 10−8 | 1.19 × 10−8 | 2.14 × 10−8 | |
Functional | Core roughness depth | Sk [µm] | 1.04 | 0.106 | 0.421 |
(stratified | Reduced summit height | Spk [µm] | 0.358 | 0.0433 | 0.0853 |
surfaces) | Reduced valley depth | Svk [µm] | 0.557 | 0.0407 | 0.162 |
Upper bearing area | Smr1 [%] | 8.68 | 3.66 | 11.4 | |
Lower bearing area | Smr2 [%] | 87.8 | 90.2 | 95.2 |
No | vs = 0.16, m/s | vs = 0.32, m/s | vs = 0.48, m/s | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VD, mm3 | DSS, m | Fav, N | VD, mm3 | DSS, m | Fav, N | VD, mm3 | DSS, m | Fav, N | |
1 | 0.166 | 68 | 5.44 | 0.171 | 62 | 4.87 | 0.191 | 54 | 5.42 |
2 | 0.147 | 81 | 4.69 | 0.162 | 70 | 4.78 | 0.171 | 62 | 4.92 |
3 | 0.219 | 22 | 5.54 | 0.231 | 18 | 5.36 | 0.245 | 19 | 5.48 |
4 | 0.205 | 64 | 5.26 | 0.193 | 40 | 4.92 | 0.233 | 28 | 5.37 |
5 | 0.159 | 71 | 5.19 | 0.174 | 44 | 4.81 | 0.186 | 37 | 4.98 |
6 | 0.208 | 65 | 4.89 | 0.222 | 25 | 5.09 | 0.249 | 15 | 5.49 |
7 | 0.188 | 33 | 4.95 | 0.197 | 34 | 5.18 | 0.213 | 46 | 5.14 |
8 | 0.178 | 59 | 5.11 | 0.183 | 64 | 5.33 | 0.177 | 37 | 4.98 |
9 | 0.191 | 38 | 5.37 | 0.188 | 51 | 4.97 | 0.206 | 55 | 5.23 |
10 | 0.198 | 52 | 4.91 | 0.214 | 30 | 5.22 | 0.221 | 49 | 5.31 |
11 | 0.189 | 55 | 5.04 | 0.204 | 38 | 5.02 | 0.198 | 61 | 4.92 |
Ground | 0.278 | 79 | 5.71 | 0.285 | 72 | 5.45 | 0.309 | 68 | 5.77 |
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Dzierwa, A.; Markopoulos, A.P. Influence of Ball-Burnishing Process on Surface Topography Parameters and Tribological Properties of Hardened Steel. Machines 2019, 7, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines7010011
Dzierwa A, Markopoulos AP. Influence of Ball-Burnishing Process on Surface Topography Parameters and Tribological Properties of Hardened Steel. Machines. 2019; 7(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines7010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleDzierwa, Andrzej, and Angelos P. Markopoulos. 2019. "Influence of Ball-Burnishing Process on Surface Topography Parameters and Tribological Properties of Hardened Steel" Machines 7, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines7010011