Review on the Selection of Health Indicator for Lithium Ion Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lithium-Ion Battery Health Indicator
2.1. Direct Health Indicator
2.1.1. Battery Capacity
2.1.2. Battery Internal Resistance
2.2. Indirect Health Indicator
2.2.1. Indirect HI Based on Discharge Process
2.2.2. Indirect HI Based on Charging Process
2.2.3. Fusion of HIs
3. Summary
4. Future Development
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | HI | HI Equations and Description | Correlation |
---|---|---|---|
[11] | Constant current charging time X1 | Among them, t(k) represents the time when the constant current charging mode ends; A(k) represents the measured current value; k is the current number of cycles; n is the sample size. | 0.8763 |
Average rate of change in voltage during constant current charging X2 | Among them, v(k) and V(k) represent the initial voltage value of theconstant current charging process and the voltage value at the end of the constant current charging process, respectively; t(k) is the charging time of the constant current charging process; k is the current number of cycles; n is the sample size. | 0.6223 | |
Constant voltage charging time X3 | Among them, t(k) represents the moment when the measured voltage rises to 4.2 V, that is, the moment when the constant current charging ends; T(k) represents the moment when the charging process ends; V(k) represents the measured voltage value; k is the current cycle number; n is the sample size. | 0.7104 | |
Average rate of change in current during constant voltage charging X4 | Among them, i(k) and I(k) represent the current value at the beginning and end of the constant voltage charging mode, respectively; t(k) represents the time of constant voltage charging, k is the current number of cycles; n is the sample size. | 0.9399 | |
The time for the surface temperature to rise to the highest during charging X5 | Among them, t(k) represents the time when the surface temperature rises to the highest during the charging process, T(k) represents the measured surface temperature value, k is the current number of cycles, and n is the sample size. | 0.9116 | |
[12] | the time of equal discharge voltage tk | Among them, tk represents the equal discharge voltage time of the kth cycle, Tvmin represents the time to reach the lower voltage value, and tvmax represents the time to reach the upper voltage value. | 0.8309 |
[13] | Current rate of change during constant current charging ICCCR_CV | Among them, Bk is the charging current change rate of the kth cycle, and n is the sample size. k is the current number of cycles, and n is the sample size. | 0.9776 |
[14,15] | The peak intensity of IC curve (IC_peak) | IC_peak is the normalized intensity of the IC peak | high correlation |
[16] | The peak area of IC curve (IC_area) | where w is the value of dQ/dV; wk is the discrete values of w corresponding to different voltage interval, k is the current number of cycles, and n is the sample size. | high correlation |
[17] | Average charge voltage rise (ACVR) | Among them, Vj is the voltage within the charging time from 1000 to 1500 s, VT is the cut-off voltage, k is the current cycle number, and n is the sample size. | 0.9940 |
discharge process | total voltage at the beginning of discharge, total voltage at the end of discharge, time interval of equal voltage drop, voltage difference at the same time interval, sample entropy of discharge voltage, rate of temperature change during discharge, battery capacity increment, depth of discharge, maximum discharge current, average voltage, average current, maximum feedback current, capacity increment curve in discharge stage. |
charging process | terminal voltage change, time of constant current charging process, time of constant voltage charging process, total time of charging stage, maximum slope of charging voltage curve, maximum slope of charging current curve, slope at the turning point of constant current charging mode, temperature change in charging stage, equal voltage rise charging time, equal time interval charging voltage rise, equal time interval charging current drop, average voltage decay, battery capacity increment, arc length, normal and curvature changes in the constant current charging phase. |
HI | Classification | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Direct HI | Battery Capacity | Directly characterize battery aging with high accuracy for battery SOH estimation and RUL prediction | It is impossible to realize online monitoring and real-time acquisition; it is calculated by the –integral method, which is time-consuming and has accumulated errors |
Battery Internal Resistance | Strong correlation with battery aging | Measuring battery internal resistance with EISEIS is complex and time-consuming | |
Indirect HI | HIs Extracted Based on The Discharge Process | The aging state of the battery can be monitored online | Affected by external factors, the collected data are not objective enough |
HIs Extracted Based on The Charging Process | Less affected by external factors, the collected data are relatively accurate | Unable to monitor battery aging status while the car is in motion | |
Fusion of multiple HIs | Considering multiple factors that affect the aging of battery performance, fully including the aging information of the battery | The amount of calculation increases and there is redundant information between multiple health indicators, which requires preprocessing |
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Zhou, W.; Lu, Q.; Zheng, Y. Review on the Selection of Health Indicator for Lithium Ion Batteries. Machines 2022, 10, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070512
Zhou W, Lu Q, Zheng Y. Review on the Selection of Health Indicator for Lithium Ion Batteries. Machines. 2022; 10(7):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070512
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Wenlu, Qiang Lu, and Yanping Zheng. 2022. "Review on the Selection of Health Indicator for Lithium Ion Batteries" Machines 10, no. 7: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070512
APA StyleZhou, W., Lu, Q., & Zheng, Y. (2022). Review on the Selection of Health Indicator for Lithium Ion Batteries. Machines, 10(7), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070512